How Advertising Has Changed Since The World Of Pay Per...

Advertising has changed significantly since the introduction of the Internet. In the past, advertising mediums such as radio, print, and television ads dominated companies’ marketing plans. As the Internet gained prevalence, more and more of companies’ money has been siphoned into email, social media, and Pay Per Click advertising. In recent years, this has led to marketers placing more and more weight on analysis like Click Through Rate, Cost Per Click, and Cost Per Acquisition. All of these terms exist within the world of Pay Per Click advertising, which has become one of the most prominent forms of advertising on the internet. Due to society’s increased reliance on the Internet, Pay Per Click advertising will continue to grow for years to come. Pay Per Click advertising, or PPC, refers to the type of advertising commonly found on Google, Bing, other search engines, and even within some websites. One example of how PPC advertising works is Google AdWords. This is the software which allows advertisers to publish their ads on Google, and having a basic understanding of how it works is key to being able to understand why PPC is as important as it is. To begin with, the simplest form of PPC are the text ads at the top of a Google search. These are a part of the Google Search Network, and they often look almost the same as organic search results (organic results are results that appear without any money being spent). The ads appear at the top of the page, and, in case thereShow MoreRelatedFacebook Advertising1929 Words   |  8 PagesDBI  : Synopsis. In the last couple of years, Facebook, founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, has gone from a college photo-sharing site to a burgeoning business- networking platform for self-promotion, advertising and multimedia interaction. With new apps and add-ons, Facebook users can send each other a virtual drink, create and host events, advertise their businesses through social ads, and more. 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The internet has created an entirely new way for companies to conduct marketing and sales. Along with this comes the process of using marketing to influence the customers online experience so that the end result is a sale. The internet has changed the sales and marketing process from small businesses to large enterprises. OnlineRead MoreEssay on A Critical Analysis of a Google; a Net-Enabled E-Business.3902 Words   |  16 Pagesof Google Google was created by Larry Page and Sergey Brinn. They first developed a search engine called BackRub in 1996, and after further development incorporated Google in 1998. Today Google is one of the top internet search engines in the world; according to Nielsen NetRatings, in July 2006; 49.2% of all US internet searches were done using Google’s search engine. Although Google is predominately known for its search engine, it provides a range of other services including Google Earth, Google

Preventive Measures Towards Crime Against Women - 2369 Words

Preventive Measures towards crime against women Violence against women is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. Similar to a hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group with the victims gender as a primary motive. The United Nations General Assembly defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women noted that this violence could be†¦show more content†¦------------------------------------------------- 3. Cultural Ideological Factors: ------------------------------------------------- Irrespective of national affluence or level of development, women are vulnerable to exploitation, oppression and all other types of explicit violence from men in all societies where cultural norms, tradition and legal system sanction womens subordination to men. In India, an important mechanism of male dominance is the propagation of gender ideology through sanctions of religious texts and their gender-selective interpretation by the community leaders. Moreover, increasing exposure to violence through popular reading, theaters, film and TV shows, satellite culture etc. directly or indirectly encourage men to commit offences like rape. ------------------------------------------------- 4. Devaluation of Moral Character: ------------------------------------------------- Socio-economical conditions like poverty, unemployment etc. and political unrest tend to force young people to be involved in drug addiction, hijacking, illegitimate sex and other anti-social activities.Thus dislocated form moral courage they like to cheer up more by occurring rape violence as thrill and adventure. ------------------------------------------------- 5. Poverty Pervasiveness: ------------------------------------------------- Most people of the country are often victimized of due to object poverty. People in largeShow MoreRelatedGender Based Violence Against Women1238 Words   |  5 PagesGENDER BASED VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A CLOSER LOOK AT INDIA’S RAPE PROBLEM Background When the sex of a girl or a woman drives the infliction of violence towards them, it is regarded as a form of gender based violence (Heise et al., 2002). Violence against women, regardless of the form, can occur in various stages of the woman’s life (Murthy and Smith, 2010), and refers not only to physical and sexual acts of violence, but also encompasses verbal abuse, emotional torture, economic deprivation, andRead MoreNanking Massacre Essay example876 Words   |  4 Pagesaggression included the innocent and peace-loving peoples of China, Korea, the Philippines, other south east Asian countries, United States, and Japan herself. 2. In the past forty-five years, China and other countries have allowed the Japanese war crimes to be forgotten. In fact, the only constant reminders of the victims of World War II in Asia were the events commemorating the Japanese who were killed by the atomic bomb dropped by the United States. 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When data collected at the national level provide reports that show 1 in 5 women being victims of severe physical violence in their lifetime (NISVS, 2010), we must ask ourselves if enough is being done to prevent this from occurring. From a historical point, there has always almost been a distinction from men on woman violenceRead MoreEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdeadly diseases, HIV/AIDS becomes more complex and crucial health issue that challenges several medical inventions. Several contributors cause this deadly virus and disease such as promiscuity, homosexuality, female circumcision, sugar daddies, sexual crime, rape, prostitution, cultural practices, misconception, ignorance and denial, and increase in mobility and industrialization. If there is a problem, then there will always be a solution. 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With regards to our local issue, African mirgants whom are labelled as ‘irregular immigrants’ are directly being trafficked in the country’s informal labor market. Between 2003 and 2011 there were 25 reported victims 24 of which were women all of foreign dissent. Most of them arrived illegally from RussiaRead MoreDomestic Violence And A Social Health Problem Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconsiders legally wrong. It should come as no surprise that the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention currently classifies IPV and DV as a social health problem (CDC, 2014). Data collected at the national level provide reports that show 1 in 5 women being victims of severe physical violence during their lifetime (NISVS, 2010). We must ask ourselves if enough is being done to prevent this. From a historical point, men on woman violence has always stood out. Based on the disparity of cases reportedRead MorePublic Health Issues Are Concerns On How To Protect The1749 Words   |  7 Pagesalso focuses on the concern of the victims engaged in an on-going relationship with the use of illegal substances and how that on-going relationship will affect the user in the future. Public health observations focus on the medical orientation and preventive concerns of the victims rather than the offenders. The public health professionals may care less for the offenders if the victim does not get hurt or injuries are involved. One matter that may surprise public health professionals is when criminalRead MoreSex Trafficking Is Modern Day Slavery1175 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is basically modern day slavery. It’s terrible, sex traffickers use violence, threats, and lies to compel and trick not only adults, but innocent children to get involved in commercial sex acts against their will. Not only that, but in different countries like Algeria and Cuba they are also dealing with sex trafficking but sometimes the children or adults are used and forced labor upon them. It’s sad and sickening. These sex traffickers take these people and children away from their

The Old Man and the Sea as an Allegory Sharks Free Essays

The Old Man and the Sea as an Allegory: Sharks The novel â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† was an allegory for Hemingway’s life, meaning the book was symbolic to Ernest’s journey and struggles. In this novel, the old man was faced with a dramatic life or death situation when he was getting chased by sharks while catching for the marlin. â€Å"The old man’s head was clear and good now and he was full of resolution but he had little hope. We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Man and the Sea as an Allegory: Sharks or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was too good to last, he thought. He took one look at the great fish as he watched the shark close in† (101). The â€Å"sharks† are planning to hurt him and Santiago just notices it. These sharks are symbolic to Ernest’s problems and demons as an author, as they were much like â€Å"sharks† in the fact that they caused him a lot of trouble and worry. A few of these â€Å"sharks† were his parents and his poorly received book â€Å"Across the River and Into the Trees. † For example, Hemingway’s parents did not want him to become a writer. They wanted him to go to college and pursue a different path. His parents were like the â€Å"sharks† because just like how the sharks were trying to eat the old man, his parents were â€Å"eating† his plans and future. The critics of his were also â€Å"sharks. † Hemingway’s critics were not exactly the nicest to him about his book â€Å"Across the River and Into the Trees. † â€Å"However, O’Hara’s was one of the few good reviews, with negative reviews appearing in more than 150 publications. Critics claimed the novel was too emotional, had inferior prose and a â€Å"static plot†, and that Cantwell was an â€Å"avatar† for Hemingway’s character Nick Adams. (Wikipedia) Hemingway’s books are symbolic to his life, and for it to be criticized as too emotional, boring, and like a bad autobiography can be taken to heart. The critics were â€Å"sharks† because they had no mercy with Hemingway, they ate up prey (beat his book to the ground) and left nothing behind, w hich is cruel to his artistry and his pride. The above clearly shows that Hemingway had to deal with â€Å"sharks† as a writer, which were his parents and his critics. How to cite The Old Man and the Sea as an Allegory: Sharks, Essay examples

Benito Mussolinis Rise And Fall To Power Essay Example For Students

Benito Mussolinis Rise And Fall To Power Essay Benito Mussolini had a large impact on World War II. He wasnt always a powerful dictator though. At first he was a school teacher and a socialist journalist. He later married Rachele Guide and had 5 children. He was the editor of the Avanti, which was a socialist party newspaper in Milan.Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento on March of 1919.This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist movement. This movement attracted mainly the lower middle class.1 Fascism was spreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from King Victor Emmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist movement. This movement attracted mainly the lower middle class.1 Fascism wasspreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from King VictorEmmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This persuadedKing Victor Emmanuel III to invite Mussolini to join a coalition, whichstrongly helped him gain more power. Benito Mussolini brought Austria on Germanys side by a formalalliance. In 1937, he accepted a German alliance. The name of thisalliance was the Anti Comntern Pact. On April 13, 1937 Benito Mussoliniannexed Albania. He then told the British ambassador that not even thebribe of France and North Africa would keep him neutral.2 The Britishambassador was appalled and dismayed. On May 28, 1937, Mussolini strongly gave thought to declaring war. He then attacked the Riviera across the Maritime. On September 13,1937 he opened an offensive into British-garrisoned Egypt from Libya.3 On October 4, 1937, while the offensive still seemed to promisesuccess, Benito Mussolini met Adolf Hitler at the Brenner Pass, ontheir joint frontier. The two of them discussed how the war in theMediterranean, Britains principal foothold outside its island base,might be turned to her decisive disadvantage. Hitler suggested toMussolini that Spain might be coaxed on the axis side, thus givingGermany free use of the British Rock of Gibraltar, by offering Francopart of French North Africa, and that France might be persuaded toaccept that concession by compensation with parts of British WestAfrica.4 Mussolini seemed enthusiastic and very understandable why this was thecase, since this scheme included the gaining of Tunis, Corsica, and Nice(annexed by Napoleon III in 1860) from France. Hit ler then hurried hometo his house in Berlin to arrange visits to Franco and Petan. Back inthe capital Hitler created a letter to Stalin inviting Molotov, theSoviet Foreign Minister, to visit early, when Germany and the U.S.S.R. might then agree among themselves how to profit from Britain not havinga defense. A week later, on October 20, he left in his command train, Amerika, tomeet Petan and Franco. The meeting with Franco took place on October 23at Hendaye on the Franco-Spanish frontier.5 It had become quite famousin the history of World War Two for Hitlers furious parting shot that hewould rather have three or four teeth extracted from than go throughthat again. Franco, who was greatly supported by his Prime Minister,Serrano Suner, stonewalled throughout the hours towards negotiation withFranco. When his train left at two in the morning, Hitler had notadvanced an inch towards co-belligerency with Franco. Petan met Hitler on October 24, and proved to be equally unresponsive. Petan convinced Hitler that they had a meeting of minds. Petan had onlyagreed to a promise to consult his government, Hitler decided to make abigger deal out of it and believed that they were united in a productivehostility to Britain. Hitler now had the outlines, despite Francos struggle, of a larger coalition war to present to Molotov at his next visit. When Hitler was waiting for the Soviet Foreign minister to come, he was distracted bythe weird behavior of Mussolini, who then chose to mount an attack fromAlbania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939) into Greece.6 Mussolini said that he was motivated by the fear that the British wouldestablish positions in Greece if he did not. He had good strategicreasons for wishing to deny them naval and air bases any closer to hisown along the Adriatic that those who already possessed in Egypt andMalta. He attacked Greece in October, 1937.7 Mussolinis participation in the Battle of France aroused the derisionof neutrals and enemies. He was determined to win in Greece his share ofthe laurels which had fallen in a not proportionate number to theWehrmacht. Genocide EssayThe failure of Mussolinis invasion of Greece greatly upset Hitler ashe waited Molotovs arrival. This not only messed up his scheme tochange the Balkans into a satellite zone by peaceful diplomacy; it wasalso upsetting the Soviet Union. On October

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization Essay Example

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? Essay Employees disagreed that they always have time for other people to share knowledge. It is due to general lack of time to share knowledge, and time to identify colleagues in need of specific knowledge. In this fast paced world, it is difficult to cope with the circumstances so people do not have time for others. Similarly, most of the employees highly disagreed that they’re willing to devote their personal time to others even if it is within the organization. This indicates that time is a major hindrance in knowledge sharing. Besides this an individuals’ own capability to share and perceive knowledge is important. Employees agreed that if the person is capable to understand what is being delivered to him, then the knowledge would be successfully shared. They even strongly agreed that level of knowledge sharing is dependent on the capabilities an individual has. Employees showed willingness in sharing information if people approached them for some personal, administrative, financial or organizational problem, rather than offering them voluntarily. They do not share unnecessary information. They only prefer to share such information which is relevant and useful for the other person. Being a member of an organization does not require their employees to share their personal work experiences with each other. But they would put in a great deal of effort beyond what is normally expected in order to help their organization to be successful. Sometimes a hindrance in knowledge sharing occurs when you are not able to convey your message to the organization. This is because people cannot readily differentiate useful information from useless information. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People are averse to sharing information orally, and even more averse to sharing it in written form. It is a common observation that people share information generously peer-to-peer, but begrudgingly upwards, and sparingly downwards in organizational hierarchies. Many employees who were surveyed strongly agreed to this perception. Besides this, they prefer sharing information only with the ones whom they trust because others might misuse knowledge or take unjust credit for it. This is also because of fear that sharing may reduce or jeopardize people’s job security. Employees are hesitant in sharing knowledge with those who are more experienced or at a high organizational post. This may be because of differences in experience or educational levels, age differences, poor verbal/written communication and interpersonal skills or use of strong hierarchy, position-based status, and formal power. The existing corporate culture does not provide sufficient support for sharing practices. Mostly the communication and knowledge flows are restricted into certain directions (e. g. top-down). Internal competitiveness within business units, functional areas, and subsidiaries can be high so employees do not share their knowledge with colleagues because of fear that it may lead to their better performance. Lack of leadership and managerial direction in terms of clearly communicating the benefits and values of knowledge sharing practices restricts employees to share information freely. Scarcity of transparent rewards and recognition systems would motivate people to share more of their knowledge. Employees indicated the lack of opportunities provided for formal and informal spaces to share, reflect and generate (new) knowledge. Usually employees hesitate in sharing information with others due to risk of it being misused or misinterpreted. People can internalize information presented graphically more easily and fully than information presented as text, and understand information conveyed through stories better than information presented analytically. Information can only be useful if it is clearly understood by the recipient. Lack of social networking is another hindrance in knowledge sharing. They do not share information because of shortage of contact time and interaction between knowledge source employees and recipients.

Essay Sample on Cervical Cancer among Hispanic Women

Essay Sample on Cervical Cancer among Hispanic Women Cancer has grown to become one the leading causes of death in the world today. Cervical cancer affects the cervix, which is the lower narrow end of the uterus. It is caused by the Human Papillomavirus Virus (HPV virus), which causes the rise in the malignant neoplasm thus causing cancer in the cervix uteri (Stewart, 2008). This virus is transmitted sexually from one person to the other. Although it is not as common as other types of cancer, it is still a significant challenge to the healthcare system. The most common symptoms of cervical cancer are abnormal bleeding and discharge through the vagina and pain during sexual intercourse. To diagnose cervical cancer, healthcare professionals use a Pap test as it tests for the malignant neoplasm, which show positive when in plenty (Parker, 2011). Like the other forms of cancer, cervical cancer can be treated through chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the United States, the highest numbers of women suffering from cervical cancer are from the Hispanic community, which accounts for 50.5 million people in the total population (Giachello, 2012). Within the Hispanic community, the rate of cervical cancer is twice the rate of all the other communities and has become the leading cause of death for Hispanic women. Some of the major causes that factor this rise amongst the Hispanics include lower income levels when compared to other communities and poor access to healthcare within their communities (Parker, 2011). According to statistics, 27% of the Hispanics live below the poverty level as compared to 10% in the other communities while 31% are uninsured for healthcare as compared to 12% in other communities (Dolecek, 2012). In 2012, the total number of Hispanic women suffering from cervical cancer was estimated to be 2.1 million, which translated to 37% of the overall cases of cervical cancer (Giachello, 2012). This shows that the Hisp anic women are at greater risks of contracting cervical cancer that all other women in the United States. The healthcare system in the United States has been used in the fight against cervical cancer as the government has invested heavily on technological advancements that are to be used in the treatment of this medical condition (Delgado, 2011). According to statistics released by the government, the healthcare system in the United States is excellent with regard to the treatment of cervical cancer. This is attributed to the equipment and professionals that are being used to address this medical condition. The government has set up medical laboratories where research studies are carried out to understand cervical cancer (Hahn, 2010). Healthcare has greatly influenced the rise in the number of cervical cancer cases among the Hispanic women. Firstly, the rising costs of healthcare have hindered the women from accessing these services and testing for cervical cancer. This leads to situations where the women suffering from cervical cancer are diagnosed at later stages of the cancer, reducing the chance of having it cured. Secondly, poor healthcare facilities and lack of qualified healthcare professionals has also been a key factor that has influenced these rates (Giachello, 2012). In areas where the Hispanic women live, the healthcare facilities lack the necessary equipment for the diagnosis of these diseases. Most of these healthcare facilities also lack an adequate number of qualified medical professionals thus meaning that the women may not be able to access diagnostic services (Hahn, 2010). This in turn translates to an increase in the number of women suffering from this condition, as the healthcare system does not give them the opportunity to be tested and treated for cervical cancer. The quality of healthcare services provided in the ecological model is determined by several factors, which also determine the health levels of the people in the society. The factor mainly comprise of four important categories: sociodemographics, phychosocial, lifestyle, and psychological. Under the sociodemographic factors, the Hispanic women have greatly been affected by their income levels as they earn less than other communities. Statistics also show that they have low educational level, which makes it hard for them to understand the importance of testing for cervical cancer (Dolecek, 2012). This translates to the increase in the number of cervical cancer patients from that community. Under the phychosocial factors, the Hispanic women do not comply with the rules and regulations put in place by different healthcare facilities with regard to testing and treatment of cervical cancer. Based on the increase in the number of patients suffering from cervical cancer, the government has put in place measures that ensure that every woman is tested for this illness. Lifestyle factors also determine the level of healthcare services that Hispanic women require. According to different newspaper articles in the United States, the Hispanics get involved in different illicit behaviors based on their low-income levels. These behaviors include intake of alcohol, smoking, and the use of other illicit drugs, which lead to them developing risky sexual behaviors (Hahn, 2010). These translate to risk factors for cervical cancer, which leads to the increase in the number of patients. Lastly, the Hispanic women are affected by the psychological factors, which greatly affect their healthcare behaviors. Some Hispanic women believe that medical conditions such as cervical cancer cannot affect them. This leads to them ignoring having to get tested and the development of an attitude towards healthcare facilities. All these factors mentioned affect their behaviors towards healthcare facilities, which in turn increase the number of women suffering from cervical cance r (Parker, 2011). You can order a custom essay on a Cervical Cancer topic written by one of our professional writers at CustomWritings.com. High quality and on-time delivery guaranteed.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example ative that the operation manager emphasize a clear outline of the firm’s logistic plan to ensure that the products reach the set destination in time and in right condition. It is evident form the discussion that supply chain management also entails how the company acquires and gets its input factors supplied (Wincel,2004). In this respect, the work explores the central role of supply chain policy and plan as far as success of the firm and efficiency is concerned. The clear concept and application outlay in the discussion offers an informative approach that is useful to any person or firm that considers supply chain as key in its operation. The operation management process is noted as starting from input factor supply and final consumer accessing the products (Kotler, P., & Keller,2012). The series of activities are evidently concentrated on warehouse where the goods are kept before transport. Application of IT in supply chain management is discussed with focus on its relevance in this competitive era of globalization. Supply chain management is an umbrella idea that is considered critical in the efficiency and overall performance of a firm in the

Math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Math - Essay Example In other words, they are positively correlated. However, it is important to note that some of the data indicate that at some levels of income ($ 52,000 and $ 66,000), the amount spent on cars decrease when compared to lower levels ($ 38,000 and $ 40,000). There are a few more values which differ from the rest. However, most of the data indicate that the relationship is positive. The Correlation coefficient is positive confirming the positive association between the two variables. Also, the value of the coefficient is 0.89 which indicates a strong relationship between the two variables. B. What is the direction of causality in this relationship - i.e. does having a more expensive car make you earn more money, or does earning more money make you spend more on your car? In other words, define one of these variables as your dependent variable (Y) and one as your independent variable (X). In order to identify the direction of causality, the two variables are analyzed objectively. When a person spends more money on the car, it does not have any effect on his income. Hence it is evident that the amount spent on the car does not affect or have an influence on the annual income of the person. However, when a person’s annual income increases, he is more likely to spend higher on the car. In other words, annual income is the cause and the amount spent on car is the effect. Hence the annual income is the independent variable (X) and the amount spent on the car is the dependent variable (Y). The amount spent on the car (Y) depends on the annual income (X). C. What method do you think would be best for testing the relationship between your dependent and independent variable, ANOVA or regression? Explain your reasoning thoroughly with a discussion of both methods. Correlation establishes the association between two variables, however does not indicate the direction of causation

The Integration of Culture in Organizational Innovation Context Research Paper

The Integration of Culture in Organizational Innovation Context - Research Paper Example Schein (2010) found it difficult to derive a definition of culture due to conceptual and semantic confusions while the scholar also argued that it is not possible to define different social groups under the roof of universally accepted definition of culture. In such context, Alvesson and Sveningsson (2008) suggested that the focus should be on defining culture within organization rather than understanding the culture of social groups sharing similar kind of traditions, rituals, history and customs. Brooks (2009) also tried to define the organizational culture in terms of norms, behavior of members and knowledge sharing, yet, such definition is far from capturing full dimensions of culture. To clear out confusions regarding definition and characteristics of organizational culture, the research paper will use Schein’s (2010) idea for organizational culture. According to Schein (2010), organizational culture has dimensions like behavioral regularities, group dynamics, espoused va lues, ideological principles, unwritten rules of the organization, communication between members, special competencies displayed by group members, shared cognitive frames between members, the way team members celebrate within organization, emotional and aesthetic response etc. Now, the fact is that it is very difficult to integrate all the mentioned elements within same organizational context but there is no doubt that these factors play vital role in shaping the organizational culture. Schein (2010) also identified three levels of culture such as, Artifacts, Espoused Beliefs & Value and Underlying Assumptions. Artifacts- structure of the organization and business process can help the firm to define its culture. For example, W.L. Gore & Associates which is known for its lattice organizational structure and business process fostering innovation and creativity (Gore, 2013). Espoused Beliefs & Value- strategies of the organization and vision statement can be termed as the brickwork beh ind culture.  Ã‚  

Sister Carrie Symbolism

Sister Carrie Symbolism The naturalistic writer presents his theme through symbolic detail. The use of symbolism in Sister Carrie offers some evocative effects to this novel, namely, it eases to determine the elements, expose the reality and consolidate the theme. In this way the symbolic degree of the narrative put down straight over the events and occurrences of the simple story itself. Dreisers use of symbolic detail permeates the novel ranging from careful descriptions of dresses and adornment to descriptions of great American cities and their surroundings. The author must make the reader aware that the details are important to the meaning. According to Donald Pizer in his The Novels of Theodore Dreiser: A Critical Study, Dreiser is much more successful as a symbolic than as a metaphoric writer. Dreiser generally accomplishes this end through a kind of incremental repetition (qtd. in Ward, web) of important details. Occasionally, however, he shows a lack of subtlety when he addresses his reader directly to reveal his intention. By recording carefully Carries reaction to specific events Dreiser shows her moving from her early naà ¯ve optimism to her final disillusionment and despair. Carries sensitivity to details provides the emotional centre of the novel. The most important patterns of details, in addition to clothing and money, are mirrors, the theatre, hotels, and restaurants; interiors and dwellings mainly. These comprise the walled and gilded city to which Carrie seeks entrance. Rocking to dreamland Symbols in Sister Carrie are what E.K. Brown, in his Rhythm in the Novel called rhythmical symbols because they constantly reappear in various contexts changing in character and situation during the novel. The rocking chair as a symbol of dream for Carrie in Chicago and of escape for Hurstwood in New York, and it is an obvious example of a rhythmical symbol. .(qtd. in Pizer, 1976: 91) Throughout Sister Carrie, the symbol of the rocking chair is employed by Dreiser to reflect the restlessness, the feverish activity, which leads Carrie to no satisfying destination( Gerber,1964: 62). Early in the novel Carrie is seen rocking in her sisters flat on Van Buren Street , dreaming of escaping with Drouet. As Drouets mistress in Ogden Place she desires a luxurious life, fame, applause, refinement. The rocking chair is a symbol of Carries continued frustration and her inability to make a choice, wavering instead from one possibility to the other. Just before Hurstwoods two visits which occur along chapters eleven and twelve Carrie sits rocking in her chair. Dreiser takes the opportunity to foreshadow the future outcome of her desire: She hummed and hummed as the moments went by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and was therein as happy though she did not perceive it, as she ever should be(87). In New York when living with Hurstwood, she sits rocking to and fro, thinking how common place( 229) her pretty flat is compared with what the rest of the world was enjoying(229)- the rest of the world made of those who had money and had a better life than hers.( Gerber, 1964: 62) In contrast to Carrie, after losing his business, Hurstwood uses the rocking chair to meditate over the lost days, the exhausted funds and his lack of strength. In the chairs slow and repeated motion he finds a narcotic dream of security. The final view of Carrie is moving. She now finds herself rocking in her chair, successful but unhappy, accomplished but unfulfilled (Gerber, 1964: 63), she dreams of new conquests which undoubtedly will or must bring her joy. Yet she accepts for the first time that happiness may not be for her, that perhaps her fate is forever to be the pursuit of that radiance of delight which tints the distant hilltops of the world (369). Dreiser creates a universe where life takes on the aspect of a fierce, grim struggle in which no quarter was either given or taken, and in which are laid traps, lied, squandered, erred, through illusion. (Dreiser, 1991: 82) And even the survivors of the struggle to become a king, are left without a trophy. The symbolic action of rocking is most fitting: Carrie is at once discontent, physically uneasy, reasonably energetic, and passively waiting for better fortune to come and find her. At the end of the novel, Carrie is still rocking. Her dwellings are different now and better by material standards-she is now in a lush New York hotel-but the action is the same and is symbolic of everlasting discontent. (Gale, 1968: 88) Carrie has reached in her quest the empty terminal, which Dreiser points out, so many Americans reach especially those who ascend from humble beginnings and are deceived by the life around them into believing the money ideal to be all in all. (Gerber, 1964: 63) Dreisers symbolism reveals the separate and distinct worlds of Sister Carrie. There is the realistic world of the reasonable mind in the imagined world of the emotional world, a world described in the novel as: Elf-land, Dream Land, or Kingdom of Greatness. This is the world from which Hurstwood emerges as an ambassador to bring Carrie back with him. It is this world from which Carrie ironically becomes a citizen ironically because it never seems to yield the rewards and beauty it promises. Life is a constant battle fought between the giant armies of frustration and desire. Dream symbolism provides a method of revealing what the world outside thinks of Carries behaviour. Minnie, Carries sister, functions in the novel as a choric figure. In her dream, the standard judgement of Carries actions is revealed. Carrie leaves the world of her sister to go to a dark and dangerous world below the surface of the ground. The swirling waters and unplumbed darkness of that world without a rigid morality seem certain to destroy the naÃÆ' ¯ve girl. It is no more necessary to accept Carries estimate of her sister Minnie as absolute and unbiased truth. Each girl unconsciously sees the other as a projection of herself, and thus interprets the life of the other as it would seem to herself. Clothes and Appearance The finest clothing made is a persons skin, but, of course, society demands something more than this.   ~Mark Twain( il las sau il elimin pt ca doar acest subcapitol e introdus de un citat?) The most obvious and well-known recurring symbol in Sister Carrie is that of clothes- clothes as an index of taste and social position and for Carrie of a naÃÆ' ¯ve but moving desire for a fine and pleasing life. (Pizer, 1976: 92) One can acknowledge the fact that appearance, while not including value and morals, as should be of more importance, defines oneself and helps them establish a place within the social system. Sister Carrie serves as an outstanding model to portray this idea. To the majority of the characters, how they appear and act hides the reality of which they live. Dreiser carefully lists in precise detail everything Carrie owns: a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦], a yellow leather snap purse,[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and four dollars (1). Since Carrie does have enough money to pay for a real alligator-skin satchel, she holds a fake with the intention that she appears to be something else than she is. False appearances are a dominating theme through out Sister Carrie. Because so little is revealed about Carries identity, the first impression left by her is formed not by what she does or by what she opinions but by her belongings. Dreiser ends the description of her with the precise amount of money she holds. This stress on money will be a major theme all through the rest of the novel.    To Carrie, the feeling of completeness comes only when dresses magnificently. On her first day at work, she feels ashamed with her female co-workers. After leaving her obscure work station, she proceeds to the lobby where she encounters other young women. As she walks past, She felt ashamed in the face of better dressed girls who went by. She felt as though she should be better served and her heart revolted.(31) Being of middle class stature, she thinks degraded and believes she can get no respect or attention from these, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ better dressed girls.(31) Though she is extremely attractive in her lesser state, as proven by the young men who flirt with her, she feels only remorse because she was not lavishly displayed. Carries first come across with mass fashion comes with her visit to the Fair, a Chicago department store. In this episode she is not shopping or more appropriately, having no money she is only window shopping. (Geyh, 2006: web)   Carries call to the department store prove her interest in conspicuous consumption; it had developed a new and curiously intimate relationship between purchaser and consumer goods. (Eby, 2001: web) As she observes the eye-catching goods available for sale, Carrie could not help feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally [. . . .] The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicately frilled skirts and petticoats.[. . .] all touched her with individual desire (22). But the lure that attire and other personal possessions have for Dreisers protagonists-that he calls the voice of the so-called inanimate! (98)-lets us to notice that memorable change. Every one of of the fancy items tempts Carrie although she cannot afford to pay for any of them; thus a capitalist economy manipulates the desire of the consumer without ever completely satisfying it (Eby, 2001: web). Carrie realizes how far removed she is from its glamour and attraction. Although she desires for herself the frilly dresses, the jewellery and trinkets heaped upon the counters, she keenly feels how none of these are in the range of her purchase. An outcast without employment (17), a mere job-seeker, even the shop-girls could see she was poor and in need of a paying job. The coveted items of clothing put on display in the department stores, restaurants, hotels and streets, are for Carrie, matter of both conscious and unconscious desire, but the desire is unrelated to any organic, biological need. The clothes are functional primarily as indicators of what Carrie might possess and be, of this desire, but also indicators of she is not , of her class bound status as a daughter of working-class parents, and of all that exceeds her grasp.( qtd. in Geyh, 2006: web) The importance of clothes in Sister Carrie arises from the choice that one can exercise over them as a conspicuous performance of prospective being. Drouet seduces Carrie buying her the clothes that would be the appropriate costume only for the role of mistress. The clothes are ones that she could not even explain let alone wear were she to stay in her role of working girl at her sisters flat.. Similarly, Carries first acting job in New York translate into a paradoxical ability to buy the clothes for the role of a young actress. ( Fisher, 1991: 554)( se intelege ca citatele sunt ale lui Fisher?) While Carrie is the main character whose existence thrives on the dependence on her looks, she is not the only one who Dreiser chooses to make a victim of appearance. At Carries first meeting with Drouet on the train from Colombia City to Chicago his clothing and conduct built up for her a dim world of fortune, of which he was the centre ( 6) The young man whose charm and audacity caught Carries attention on the train also suffers from the value he places on appearance. While uttering her first words in their first sparked conversation, she notices his, Flush, colourful cheeks, a light moustache, a gray fedora hat. (3) She further observes him noticing every light detail of his suit and the jewellery. His suit was of a striped and cross pattern brown wool, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff bosom of white and pink stripes. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] his fingers bore several ringsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3) From this quote, one can come to the conclusion that Drouet is a ra ther wealthy man with many refined tastes. In reality, He was not a moneyed man. (32) When in the presence of those who were fortunate, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he straightened himself a little more stiffly and eats with solid comfort. (32) This defines his social status since he is well known among the prosperous. Carrie soon realized all the city had to offer her, such as wealth, fashion, eases every adornment for women, and she longed for dress and beauty with a whole heart (21).    Carrie is aroused by something promising in the entire material prospect that Drouet had to offer (5). While her background does subconsciously caution her momentarily, she ignores her misgivings in exchange for the happiness that Drouets success might bring her. While Drouet did work, he wants to hide his reality. His false preens dazzles many, including Carrie. As soon as Carrie sees that Drouet is not as well off as she originally perceived him to be, she turns to another man, another man who, like D rouet, was masking his own reality behind his allure of money and position. Mr. G. W. Hurstwood is the second gentleman to catch Carries fancy. He is the manager of a renowned restaurant and is known as a successful man about town. Many see him as a solid man of good physical stature, rather young, and is known for his, fine clothes, his clean linen, his jewels, and, above all, his own sense of his importance. (33) On the surface, Hurstwood is a man of power. He holds a valued opinion among many and some kind of effect on many more, Drouet and Carrie included. With all of the appeal, there is no possible way for anyone to see Hurstwoods personal life. No hint of the slightest inconsistency of the glamour can be found. People of social royalty know and see his family on many popular social outings. His wife is a charmer as well and many have high hopes for their young daughter. One would not conceive that Hurstwood and his wife were having heated arguments leading to marital problems. Due to the fact that many knew the family and how affluent in all aspects t hey are, most overlooked Hurstwoods callings on Carrie. Appearance, which led to this mans social status, kept people from considering this. Looks and charm is the only thing that kept this man from suspicion. Later in the story when Hurstwood social status declines, clothes and implicitly appearance reflect this time the reality. Gradually running out of money Hurstwood is not preoccupied with his appearance, he once rigorously guarded. Still, for the sake of old times, he tries to bring to light the old self. This fact emphasis Hurstwoods desire to keep appearances even though his social status was not the same. As Hurstwood experiences life as poor individual he begins to see the life of his wealthy past as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a city with a wall about it (328) on the other side Hurstwoods shabby clothes expose his state, the opposite but equally conspicuous equivalent to the display of state, that is the normal function of clothes.( Fisher, 1991: 554) In contrast to Carries new clothing which makes her part of her new world, Hurstwoods clothing is now threadbare part and worn. It is not sufficiently warm for him to weather in the cold winter. Clothing reveals the complete inversion of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾marriage of Carrie and Hurstwood. As Hurstowoods preoccupation for the lack of money increases he tells Carrie that they do not afford to buy her any new clothes, she had not failed to notice that he did not seem to consult her about buying clothes for himself. (340) A few short years ago he was struggling breadwinner who occasionally indulged himself in new clothing to meet the world, while Carrie remained home, running the household in her outdates garb. In Sister Carrie: An Introduction, written by Kenneth S. Lynn, the author summarizes Carries arrival in Chicago. He then proceeds to say that she is, depending solely on personal appeal to enable her to work out her salvation. He goes on to criticize Drouet and Hurstwood as well. Drouet has no reality; take away the salesmans clothes, and he has nothing. (qtd. in Pizer, 1976: 40) This quote aimed to describe Drouet, shows that though his flashy clothes are a trademark of his, he really comes down to nothing. Hurstwood is in the same situation and as Dreiser says after a passer-by inquires if he is a motorist, he finally realizes that he is nothing. Carrie is taught manners and how to become a lady. Because clothes can be changed more rapidly than apartments they become a more sensitive index to changes of state. Clothes are ones address. Only hotels are places of living sensitive enough to the fluctuations of self to equal clothing as performances of the monetary condition of the self. In New York after they separate, both Carrie and Hurstwood, move through opposite ends of the spectrum of records the need of a society in which money will be kept in the stock market so that its waverings of value can be represented in the daily newspaper rather in land or goods which are, by comparison, subject only to year-long or decade-long readings of change of worth. As the rocking chair is to fortunes wheel, second by second rises and falls, so too are clothes, hotels, and newspapers to the long-term indexes of fortune and value. ( Fisher, 1991: 554) Every feature of these characters is a show put on display like that of a theatrical play. None have a real personality because it has been erased by the tantalizing temptation of being that name on the front page, or the cause of a hush fallen over a room as they enter. They even manipulate simple features to deceive their prey audience. As far as personalities being deciphered, as mentioned earlier, these three critical characters have no real personalities. They display the best well thought out personality that the situation demands. When they are in the company of a wealthy benefactor, the room and scene is filled with gaiety on their plastered surface, but they loathe for the life. Each of these three characters uses their appearance to obtain material goods and respectable social standings. They all achieve this, yet in the end, they wind up in desolate isolation. Had these characters accepted their lives as they would have came to be, and not used deceit to con the unknowing, perhaps they wouldnt have ended up in a lesser state then they stood at originally. Money In this novel, together with mirrors and clothes, money represents social status. Dreiser chose to draw a realistic portrayal of America for what it really was- materialistic (Gerber, 1964: 52). Life is presented in relation to this driving force and seems to undergo all destinies, involving everyone, as participants in the mad-cycle of the booming economy. The money ideal would be exposed as the great motivating purpose of life in the United States: ones relative affluence at any level of society determining the degree creature comfort one might enjoy, the measure of prestige one might own, and the extent of social power one might command (Gerber,1964: 52-53). Sister Carrie completely reaffirms Americas mania with money because all characters status symbol is determined economically. Dreisers characters are often fascinated with the physical reality of money (Pizer, 1976: 91); the money she has accepted was two, soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills (39). The physical transfer of money is an act which promises so much for both the body and the spirit that it either entails or suggests the sexual (Pizer, 1976: 91) Carries impoverished situation incites genuine pity, but Drouet offers her money having hidden desires and intentions. This allows him to touch her hand, the first act in establishing physical contact with her. The apparently harmless offer of loaning money to Carrie and the pleasant lunch are a first step into obtaining it. Giving her the money somehow permits him to feel her hand, the first move in creating physical intimacy with her. In reality, he is trading the occasion for sex. ( Pizer,1976: 92) The lunch and the loan are only the first step in getting it. As she feels the twenty dollars in her hand, Carrie fells that a she was connected to him by a strange tie of affection.(47). Having money as a principal weapon, Drouet has obtained the right to commence physical closeness with Carrie. Several times in the novel, including in this moment, an exact dollar sum is named. Carrie lives in a world of prices regardless of whether she is at work, out shopping, at home or on the street. Her labour worth is set to four dollars and fifty cents per week; accommodation costs four dollars per week; car fare amounts sixty cents per week; an economical lunch is ten cents; etc. By accepting Drouets money, Carrie unconscientiously establishes her worth to him at exactly twenty dollars. Carries desire maintain secret her intentions from Minnie and Hanson confirms that she is at least partly alert that she is selling herself. (Ward, 2000: web) Carrie symbolizes the collective values of the burgeoning American consumer culture. To her, money represents power; one might easily judge her and include her in the money-hunters category of people; those that would be happy to be trapped on a desert island if only she had a large amount of money. (Ward, 2000: web) She had not acknowledged the fact that money and nothing else is worth nothing. Only in relation to consumer goods does it represent anything of value. Chapter seven begins with one of Dreisers frequent discussions on the meaning of money. The true meaning of money yet remains to be popularly explained and comprehended (47). What Carrie does not understand, a fault she has in common with almost all of humanity, is that money should be paid out as honestly stored energy (48) not as a usurped privilege (48). Carrie definition of money would be simple and straightforward- something everybody else has and I must get (48). Dreiser then continues to give a remarkable explanation of money. Essential in his observation is that if an individual has money, it must be spent in order to recognize its value. Carrie as well as Drouet belong to this category. If not earned honestly money in this novel are obtained by theft or beggary. Money serves as a modality of characterization, consequently everyone in the novel is dependent on money to describe who they are and what they do. In the game played at the first meeting of Carrie and Hurstwood, Dreiser provides a miniature model of the characters, forces, and movement of the novel making symbolic use of the ordinary details. In this game of chance and skill Hurstwood manipulates his hand so that Carrie can win all the money while Drouet remains ignorant of what is happening. Dont you moralize Hurstwood says to Carrie, until you see what becomes of the money (74). This passage is like a vision from future, unconscious words evocative of what was to come. Social status is changed with money, at the same time offering those who acquire it the possibility to acknowledge the supreme wealth or the supreme lowering of status. For example, in the very beginning of the novel, Carrie rides in a train, the way poor people do then in a street car, as the fashionable girls of the time and finally she is forced to walk, forced to return to her initial status. This completes a chain that marks the gradual lowering of Carries status in the society until she reaches the lowest point, the point where she not only has no job but is also forced to walk around the city. Being Drouets company in the restaurant Carrie is aware of the decline. She observes that he affords to travel by train and she immediately associates means of transport with wealth. Lost between thoughts she hears him mentioning that she has to return home if she does not accept his offer, but she does not acknowledge the significance of this fact. She only sees a stage coach passing by . This serves as a visual reminder that a wealthy life can be lived only in a big city like Chicago, and is crucial to making her accept Drouets proposal. Her choice gives her a sense of well being, dragging her out from her state of dreamer, and, by the ending of the chapter, she is already riding the car from her vision. After Hurstwood and Carries affair and escape to New York, Hurstwood soon finds himself having to think carefully about small disbursements like rent and cab fare. Although he has sufficient money to invest in new businesses, he turns down many prospects because they are too low-class for him. Not only is his money very important to him now, but so is his respectability. Having to live so frugally as he searches for a job humiliates him (Balling, 1967: 61). The importance of Hurstwoods reputation to himself underscores the materialism in America. Being who you are to yourself is not as important as being someone to others (Gerber, 1964: 60-61). Hurstwoods decline pushes Carrie further away from him. Mrs. Vances decision to cut off her connection with Carrie because of Hurstwoods appearance exposes the dehumanizing nature of consumer society (Ward, 2000: web). While Hurstwood gradually sinks toward deprivation and suicide, Carrie once again moves foreword and appears on stage. Carries constant drag to something better was not to be denied (Thorp, 1963: 472). Her choice to leave him is almost completely motivated by finances, as was her decision to marry him. Mirrors reflections of the self Mirrors should think longer before they reflect.   ~Jean Cocteau Another important symbol is the mirror in which Carrie attempts to see inside herself to discover the truth or to reflect upon some problem. Like the rocking chair, the mirror represents the two poles of Carries thought, for it is also used by her simply to admire her appearance in new clothes. Both the rocking chair and the mirror fuse the desire for material satisfaction with the realisation that Carrie is never happy if she continually desires something new. Naturally, Carrie is never conscious of the symbolic import of these articles, but certainly the author is, and so, it is hoped, is the reader. Mirrors-both factual and the metaphorical mirrors of others reaction to her-contribute to this construction of identity as Carrie glimpses the ideal as reflected in them. The Mirror as the narrator notices convinced her of a thing which she had long believed. She was pretty, yes, indeed. (58) The process of mirroring through which Carrie creates her identity is, however not merely a matter of dress: it is bound with her natural acting ability. (qtd. in Geyh, 2006: web) Able to perceive the nature of those little modish ways which women adopt when they would presume to be something, Carrie mimics, mirrors, the gestures of those whom she admires: she looked in the mirror and pursed her lips, accompanying it with a little toss of the head, as she had seen the railroad treasures daughter doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦She became a girl of considerable taste. (78-79) The urban environment itself offers numerous sites of such indemnificatory mirroring, from half-lit display windows of department stores in which one might see ones own ghostly reflection, to posh restaurants like Sherrys where the floor was of a reddish hue, waxed and polished, and in every direction were mirrors-tall, brilliant, bevel-edged mirrors-reflecting and re-reflecting forms, faces, and candelabra a score and hundred times (235) (Gyeh, 2006: web) Looking in the mirror is often considered a form of narcissism. This is particularly evident in the store episode when Carrie looks at herself with the new clothes on. Her sense of well-being is enhanced, to the point where she starts to feel a warm glow (70) creep into her cheeks. This is again shown up in chapter eight, when she realizes that she is beautiful after looking in a mirror. The two antithetical potions of Carries mind, her conscience and desire, make another appearance in chapter ten. There, standing before the mirror, she sees that her face reveals a more attractive girl than she was before but her mind, a mirror prepared of her own and the worlds opinions(70), reveals a worse creature than she had been before. She wavers between these two images, uncertain of which one to believe. The inner mirror, the reservoir of social and acquired moral option, must be watched closer by the reader. Sister Carrie is a study in depth of the character; what happens inside Carries mind is actually far more important than her outward fortune of trials and ordeal. Carries difficulties, more basic in the recent past, have now become mental ones, and altogether so turned about in all of her earthly relationships that she might well have been a new and different individual (70). In the mirror she sees a pretty face, but when she looks within herself she sees an image composed of her own judgements and those of society that makes her experience a certain moral queasiness. Carrie wavers between these two reflections, wondering which one to embrace. Her conscience, only an average little conscience (73), is shaped by the world, her own past life, habit, and convention, all welded together in a confused way. Her conscience bothers her because she failed to live with moral correctness even before she tried. Carrie is in a winter mood, full of silent brooding. Nevertheless the secret of her conscience grows more and more feeble. Before, the mirror only was an indication of vanity and represented the ability to imitate things. Now Dreiser remarks that the mirror is the symbol of a good actress as well, a good actress serves as her own mirror to her audience (Gyeth, 2006: web). Carries vocation and power as an actress find their fullest expression on stage, where she creates not only a series of idealized versions of herself, but also an array of miniature mise-en-scà ¨ne- shadow plays-of the city and its inhabitants outside. (Geyh, 2006: web) Carrie was possessed of that sympathetic, impressionable nature which, ever in the most developed form, has been the glory of the drama. She was created with the passivity of soul which is always the mirror of the active world, the narrator observes. (117) Carries greatest ability is that she can mirror back to people that they want to see. Newspapers The frequent symbol in this novel is the employment of newspapers to designate people who are no longer capable to see the future, people that are suppressed by the past and sometimes by the present. The newspaper represents old news as it presents things that have already happened. Individuals who fall back on the newspaper thus fall into the class of have-beens, of those who already lived their life and experienced the world. The first who reads the newspaper in the novel is Sven Hanson followed by Hurstwood. The two are reading the newspaper in the evening as a form of entertainment and because it is the only way they could find out about their own world. Hurstwood is scrolling the paper for the first time in chapter twenty. The paper symbolizes the past, and the incapacity to rise in the future. Thus, his wife is already making the decision concerning the future of the family, and the future vacation. In this scene between Hurstwood and Julia, the first finds in the newspaper a refuge from his wifes demands and from what his entire family represented to him. This way he tries to avoid domestic quarrels and pretends to read the newspaper. By contrast Carrie, reads the paper to see if she is written about in one of its articles. The newspaper gains more importance and is more often used by Hurstwood than ever before. Each day he could read in the evening paper (143). Later Dreiser describes Hurstwood as s pending his time reading newspapers, as the only enjoyable activity left. This again suggests that Hurstwood can only live by looking at the past rather than into the future. The significance of newspapers reaches the pinnacle in chapter thirty five during the storm. Hurstwood is entirely ruined as a man that he uses the paper even for trivial news suc

The Concept of Communication Style Essays -- Interpersonal Communicati

The Concept of Communication Style The concept of communication style has been defined by Rober Norton as "the way one verbally, nonverbally, and para verbally interacts to signal how literal meaning should be taken, interpreted, filtered, or understood"(1996.p.229) In this, Norton has identified nine communicator styles. A persons style may be dominant, dramatic, contentious, animated ,impression leaving, relaxed, open, or friendly. These dimensions measure how you interact in various situations. For example, if I speak frequently and try to control the converstaion, you might assume that I am dominant in my communicator style. In determining my own commuication style I had a questionnaire completed by both a friend, acquaintance , as well as completing one myself. The friend that I chose was my room mate Ryan Seslow. . Ryan and I have been friends since highschool so he knows me very well. The person that I chose to complete the acquaintance section was my friend Leslie Margasak. Leslie is my girlfriends roommate therefore our communication is somewhat limited. Through the following research and analysis I have created a table (Table:1) that shows the means for my friend aquaitance, and myself. The summaries and findings in which I calculated provided me with insight of my dominant yet friendly communication style. It also provided me with a different perspective as to how other people interpret my communication habits. For example, the mean for myself on the category "relaxed" scored a 1.3. However, my friends mean was 3.1 and my acquaintance was 5.1. Through the text of Interpersonal Communication, I was able to determine that this fluctuation has to do with the self concept theory. "Self -concept is defined as each person's own subjective view or image of him or herself as a person" (tremont p.213) In my opinion I do not see myself as relaxed(1.3), but my friend does as well as acquaintance. I do not see as relaxed as the others indicated in the table. Usually I feel rather more stressed and even a little nervous rather than relaxed when communicating. One calculation in which which I noticed to have simmialr realuts was based on the means for being dramtic. I scored high in this category on all three surveys.(see table:1) When a person is classified as dramatic it refers that the person "likes to act ... ...do so by staying relaxed. I scored a relatively low mean in the openess category and this is an area I would like to change. The means showed that I am not open nor am I percieved to be a very open person. Overall my communication style is very dominant, dramatic and friendly. Howvevr, despite this though Im not a very open person. I feel that my communication style does allow me to get people to listen to me closely becayse of my dramatics or ability to tell srotires in vivid detail and picturesqe. I am animated and expressive when I feel the need to emphasize a point or statement. This also helps my communication confidence since I know now that what I say often does an considerable impact on those who I am communicating with. In conclusion I am very pleased with the data which I recorded. I now understand my communciation style better yet at the same time have located areas in which I can begin to improve on. Through this assignment I learned a great deal about how I communcate as well as how others percieve my communication style. References 1.)Trenholm and Jensen, (1996). Intterpersonal Communication. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Blue Cross Essay

The Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association is a  well established family  of health benefits companies providing health services for 100 million Americans. Blue Cross insured approximately 12,300 active groups as of October 1, 2005. The groups had a total of 47,000 enrolled subscribers and 92,000 members. This contrasts with 13,800 groups as of January 1, 2003, with 58,000 subscribers and 115,000 total members. Nationwide, more than 96% of hospitals and 91% of professional providers contract with Blue Cross company — more than any other insurer.Blue Cross offers a variety of insurance products to all segments of the population, including large employer groups, small business and individuals. The Blues currently serve 85% of Fortune 100 companies and 76% of Fortune 500 companies. Moreover, the Blues have enrolled more than half of all U. S. federal workers, retirees and their families, making the Federal Employee Program the largest single health plan group in the world. Th e Blue Cross and Blue Shield companies enroll in the Federal Employee Program (FEP) — the largest privately underwritten health insurance contract in the world — more than 5. million federal government employees, dependents and retirees. Blue Cross company established the appropriate operating mode according to the special needs of the local community, brings high-quality, affordable health care services to the American public, including low-income people, the elderly and urban residents. The applications will involve patients, doctors, businesses, medical education and research institutions and government decision-making bodies, and many departments.

Health Risks Associated With Chromium-6

Health Risks Associated With Chromium-6 Chromium-6 is recognized as a human carcinogen when it is inhaled. Chronic inhalation of chromium-6 has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer and may also damage the small capillaries in kidneys and intestines. Other adverse health effects associated with chromium-6 exposure, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), include skin irritation or ulceration, allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, nasal irritation and ulceration, perforated nasal septa, rhinitis, nosebleed, respiratory irritation, nasal cancer, sinus cancer, eye irritation and damage, perforated eardrums, kidney damage, liver damage, pulmonary congestion and edema, epigastric pain, and erosion and discoloration of ones teeth. An Occupational Hazard NIOSH considers all chromium-6 compounds to be potential occupational carcinogens. Many workers are exposed to chromium-6 during the production of stainless steel, chromate chemicals, and chromate pigments. Chromium-6 exposure also occurs during work activities such as stainless-steel welding, thermal cutting, and chrome plating. Chromium-6 in Drinking Water The potentially adverse health effects of chromium-6 in drinking water have become an issue of growing concern nationwide. In 2010, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) tested tap water in 35 U.S. cities and found chromium-6 in 31 of them (89 percent). Water samples in 25 of those cities contained chromium-6 at concentrations higher than the safe maximum (0.06 parts per billion) proposed by California regulators, but far below the safety standard of 100 ppb for all types of chromium combined that was established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). That doesnt mean the EPA was declaring drinking water with a chromium-6 safe for human consumption. Rather, it underscored the lack of confirmed knowledge and clear guidelines concerning the level at which chromium-6 in drinking water becomes a public health hazard. In September 2010, the EPA launched a reassessment of chromium-6 when it released a draft human health assessment that proposes classifying chromium-6 as a likely carcinogenic to humans who ingest it. The EPA expects to complete the health-risk assessment and make a final determination about the cancer-causing potential of chromium-6 through ingestion in 2011  and will use the results to determine whether a new safety standard is needed. As of December 2010, the EPA has not established a safety standard for chromium-6 in drinking water. Evidence of Adverse Health Effects From Chromium-6 in Tap Water There is very little evidence of chromium-6 in drinking water causing cancer or other adverse health effects in humans. Only a few animal studies have found a possible connection between chromium-6 in drinking water and cancer, and only when the laboratory animals were fed levels of chromium-6 that were hundreds of times greater than the current safety standards for human exposure. Concerning those studies, the National Toxicology Program has said that chromium-6 in drinking water shows clear evidence of carcinogenic activity† in laboratory animals and increases the risk of gastrointestinal tumors. The California Chromium-6 Lawsuit The most compelling case for human health problems caused by chromium-6 in drinking water is the lawsuit that inspired the film, Erin Brockovich, starring Julia Roberts. The lawsuit alleged that Pacific Gas Electric (PGE) had contaminated groundwater with chromium-6 in the California town of Hinkley, leading to a high number of cancer cases. PGE operates a compressor station for natural gas pipelines at Hinkley, and chromium-6 was used in cooling towers at the site to prevent corrosion. Wastewater from the cooling towers, containing chromium-6, was discharged into unlined ponds and seeped into the groundwater and contaminated the towns drinking water. Although there was some question whether the number of cancer cases in Hinkley was higher than normal, and how much of a danger the chromium-6 actually posed, the case was settled in 1996 for $333 million- the largest settlement ever paid in a direct-action lawsuit in U.S. history. PGE later paid nearly as much to settle additional chromium-6-related claims in other California communities.

Critical Thinking Application Essays

Critical Thinking Application Essays Critical Thinking Application Essays Critical Thinking Critical thinking is a very important tool to use in any situation that occurs in life, whether it is while you are at home, work, or out with friends and family. By using critical thinking one can have a better understanding of what outcomes certain decisions will have and how to make the best decision. This can definitely benefit everyone in their lives especially when it comes to work decisions. If the goal at work is to advance and work up the corporate ladder then critical thinking is a must. Personal Experience There are several different personal experiences I have had of using critical thinking in the work place and how it still today helps me progress. The one that sticks out in my mind the most is a problem that I was able to solve at my current job. I am now working at MINI of Murray as a Service Advisor and at the moment we have had tremendous growth which has made it so that we are under staffed for all of the work that we need to get done. Do to this the communication with our customers has suffered a bit since many of the service advisors do not feel like they have the time to call all of their customers and let them know what is going on in the shop. This in turn puts out bad surveys on the service advisor which affects their pay. Now when this problem came up for me the first thing I realized was that since I have so much work the most important thing I can do is manage my time properly so that I can fit everything into the day. To do so I wrote down everything that I would need to get done each day and took into account any problems that may arise such as cars not being finished on time. I then came up with the idea of setting up certain times each day that I would touch base with my customers and let them know the status on their cars. Then I started writing down any information that I knew I would have to use several times throughout the day. By doing this I did not have to waste time looking up the information every time I needed it. I then set up a plan on how I would react if a car was not finished on time and how to best approach the customer about it. By fully laying out a plan that I could follow day to day I now save a lot of time not having to decide what should be done next whenever I finish a task. Due to this I am able to get everything that I need done every day finished and can even help other advisors. I am now getting great surveys because I understood that even if when I call the custom at 11 a.m. and tell them that their car has gone into the shop yet they still appreciate the heads up so they know what is going on with their car. This is just a small example of how

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation - Essay Example So, it is enough to start with one cartridge and use it. Perhaps, you will not need the next one. The period of usage is different as every smoker applies different number of cigarettes. That is why it is impossible to plan the usage of electronic cigarettes for everybody. It should be noted that all my participants were from New York. There were both males and females to participate in my investigation. However, their age was different. In particular, the age of participants was 19-70. I think that this intervention should be made the following way. Every person should receive so many opportunities to smoke electronic cigarettes as he/she needs to have for traditional smoking. In two-three months it is necessary to check the results. I think that here it is better to use interviewing the participants to get to know if they started smoking less. Smoking cessation by means of electronic cigarettes has much in common with another method to give up this bad habit. It is nicotine gum. It is even possible to compare these two types of smoking cessation. In case of nicotine gum a person is asked to use a special gum instead of a traditional cigarette. According to the smoker’s point of view (he tried to give up smoking with the help of nicotine gum), he used the gum during eight months and became addicted to it. So, it is difficult to say if this method is better than keeping smoking traditional cigarettes. The amount of nicotine in them is less, but still it may lead to cancer and nicotine dependence. That is why I do not advise to use nicotine gums. It is better to apply electronic cigarettes. It should be stressed that the study is very important. First of all, it is societal. It helps to get more information about the effect of smoking cessation by means of electronic cigarettes. So, it helps people from our society to be informed about electronic cigarettes and their effectiveness. The cost of the research is not very high. No additional equipment was nee ded as people were just interviewed. All results were received with the help of interviewing and smokers’ feedbacks. It turned out that several people managed to give up smoking by means of electronic cigarettes. There were practically no direct and indirect costs in the process of research. A little amount of money was spent by me on tickets to travel to people for interviewing. There may be two possible answers to the question as for the time horizon needed for this research. On the one hand, it is not necessary to conduct a long-time research if you need just to get information about smokers’ feedback after usage electronic cigarettes. On the other hand, it also can be a lifetime research, if you want to get as much information about electronic cigarettes as possible. Everything changes very quickly nowadays. It concerns various methods created for smoking cessation as well. The structure and function of electronic cigarettes may be changed in future. That is why it is a good idea to conduct a lifetime research and analyze the peculiarities of new trends in this field. It is necessary to emphasize that only in this case the research will be effective and demonstrate if it is worth to apply electronic cigarettes to give up smoking forever. The data for research can be found with the help of the following ways. Internet sources TV translations Newspaper articles Interviews with smokers Interviews with people who use electronic cigare

How do people respond to economic incentives Term Paper

How do people respond to economic incentives - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that an incentive is referred to as something that motivates a person to execute an action. Incentives in economics can also be said of factors that alter the purchasing behavior of consumers. Economics as a science relies significantly on assumptions to model and analyzing the actual world. These assumptions can vary from the idea that people are rational, and will act to satisfy their self-interest, to the view that resources are scarce, and thus, becomes subject to laws of supply and demand. According to Deolalikar, and Jones, the economic incentive is a reward, benefit, or the cost that encourages an economic action. People do things purposely, and naturally, and expect benefits from their choices and actions. Before one decides to create something, and sell it to other individuals, similarly, before one buys anything, they are aware of the benefit they are going to get from the product. People respond to of incentives where some are un selfish. Some people are motivated by virtue of their duty, or community in which they live in, or the choices that they make. The truth, however, is that many people and corporations are motivated majorly by financial incentive or rather economic incentives. The facts become apparent when we look at the popularity and success of low-cost retailers such as Wal-Mart. This does not imply that they are bad company, but it exemplifies the current social responsibility that people bear.

Drug and Substance Abuse Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Drug and Substance Abuse Testing - Essay Example As the paper outlines, welfare was designed to help the underprivileged in the society. Through welfare, the poor and the disabled population in the society are able to re-enter the workforce and to subsequently care for themselves. The fact is that ever since its incorporation, welfare has been able to assist numerous families and needy individuals in the society. However, the Welfare Reform consequentially contributed to a significant reduction of welfare dependants. Consequentially, regardless of the significant financial savings accrued to the welfare reform, this policy has facilitated the increase in unemployment levels. Moreover, drug testing by itself does nothing to promote employment, economic stability or responsible parenting ("Drug testing for welfare recipients to be considered by state Senate" 6). Recipients point to data showing that those on welfare are far less likely to do drugs than those who are not on welfare. Moreover, the monthly assistance checks barely cover necessities (Dawkins 2011:1). Therefore, the implementation of such a policy is an indication of stereotyping by the legislature, based on the assumption that welfare recipients are more likely to abuse drugs.  The adoption of state drug testing requirements are unconstitutional and a violation of privacy. This issue came out as a result of the Michigan statute that was influenced by the Marchwinski case. In the case, Marchwinski v. Howard, the plaintiff challenged the Michigan state statute, arguing that the case suspicion-less drug testing was an unconstitutional search under the 4th amendment (Schaberg 583). The court held that suspicion-less drug testing is a blanket condition that is relevant in order to receive state assistance.

Education Is the Most Important Thing Essay Example for Free

Education Is the Most Important Thing Essay Education is the most important thing we can offer to our children and the generations to come, yet it is one of the topics that we struggle with the most. With the choices between local, state and federal authorities, who should have control over education? It is my belief that the control should lie with the federal authorities because they are able to maintain a complete situational picture over all the states. Many of our founding fathers of the United States feared that leaving education in the hands of private families, churches, local communities or philanthropic societies would not guarantee the survival of a democracy. (Pulliam Van Patten, 2007, p. 122). In this paper I am going to defend my opinion of why the federal authorities should have control of education. How programs they have developed have flourished, and even how some of their programs could be run better. I currently serve as an instructor for the Navy teaching junior Sailors how to do their job better thus protecting the ship for harm, however; I am not the only one who teaches these classes, so to ensure that all Sailors are taught the same information all of our learning sites fall under one controlling entity. The education of our youth should be run the same, and if education was to be allowed to be completely run by local or even state entities, then the education opportunities may not be the same throughout the cities and even states. One of the best programs I have seen is the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002. NCBL is a United States Act of Congress that was originally proposed by the administration of President George W. Bush immediately after taking office. The House of Representatives passed the bill on May 23, 2001, and United States Senate passed it on June 14, 2001. President Bush signed it into law on January 8, 2002. NCLB is the latest federal legislation that enacts the theories of standards-based education reform, which is based on the belief that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals can improve individual outcomes in education. The Act requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades, if those sta tes are to receive federal funding for schools. The Act does not assert a national achievement standard; standards are set by each individual state.(â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001â€Å", 2006) Not only does the NCLB Act standardize learning for the students it also is used for standardization of teacher qualifications. For decades, local policymakers and school officials turned a blind eye to a set  of vexing problems in public education. In practice, there was a situational definition of teacher quality. No one thought anything about, as one principal said, scheduling a physical education teacher to fill in for one class of history. It was a common practice for middle school principals to employ elementary certified teachers because it provided the principals maximum flexibility in assigning teachers to classes, whether or not the teachers were qualified to teach those classes. (Hayes , 2003) As stated earlier, I believe that all children should not only have the same opportunity to get an education, but should also be entitled to the same education as every other child. If control of our educational system was given to the local or even state authorities this would probably not be the case as each state would want to do it â€Å"their way†. The No Child Left Behind Act ensures that all children no matter race, religion, or financial status is given the same opportunities for education, and educated children are our future. References: Hayes , M. (2003). NCLB: Conspiracy, Compliance, or Creativity?. Retrieved from http://www.middleweb.com/HMnclb.html No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. (2006). Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2006/02/02062006.html Pulliam, J. D., Van Patten, J. J. (2007). History of Education in American (9th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Columbus, Ohio.

Role of Monetary Policy in Financial Crisis

Role of Monetary Policy in Financial Crisis 1. Introduction To begin with, it is noted that over the last year or so, financial institutions in the major economies have reported losses on a large scale. Some of these have become insolvent, or have had to be taken over or rescued by their governments. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis Credit Crisis has affected millions of Americans specifically and others around the World in general terms. Associated with all of that has been a massive swing in the appetite of the World financial markets for risk, and in their capacity to accept risk. Thus, the result has been a shift from an easily available credit to tight credit. This crisis which began in industrialized countries has shifted dramatically spread to emerging market and developing economies. Many wealthy investors or so have pulled their capital from countries, even those with small levels of perceived risk, and hence causing values of stocks and domestic currencies to plunge. Moreover, the crisis has now moved from containing the contagion to coping with the global recession and changing regulations to prevent a reoccurrence of such a problem. Some security and foreign policy effects of the crisis also are beginning to appear. In addition, policy proposals to change specific regulations as well as the structure of regulation and supervision at both domestically and internationally levels have been coming forth through the legislative process. As one can bear in mind, In June 2009, the Obamas administration announced its plan for regulatory reform of the U.S. financial system. For example, in Congress, numerous bills have been introduced that deal with issues such as establishing a commission or selecting a committee to investigate causes of the financial crisis, provide oversight and greater accountability of the Federal Reserve and Treasury lending activity, acting towards the problems in the housing and mortgage markets, provide funding for the International Monetary Fund, address problems with consumer credit cards and establish a systemic risk monitor. Therefore, the transmission of the crisis from the U.S. and Europe to the rest of the world came through a number of channels. The financial institutions in most emerging market economies had not been involved in practices that are seen in the institutions that populate the financial centers in the major industrial countries. To that extent, financial institutions in the emerging economies either shied away from the more exotic instruments, including such things as credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations, or were prevented by regulation from holding or trading such instruments. Banking had to come of the most à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, old fashioned ever! (The New York Times has reported on last September 2009 about the moves to replace the bust securitized mortgage market with a similar scheme dealing in life insurance policies, products that are as distasteful as they are foolhardy). The question is, can anything be done to ensure more responsible financial practice? If we are suppose to talk about the US economy, we would notice that President Barak Obama marked the anniversary of Lehman collapse with a plea to bankers to not get complacent, telling them to get their house in order, or else face further regulation. We can indicate that over the past year, the financial male storm has battered the global information and communication technology industry, affecting profits and pushing down the industry in a manner reminiscent of the 2001 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2002 dotcom busts. It is gradually finding its feet again, but it isnt out of the woods yet. The global financial tumult has forced a number of companies to reanalyze their cost benefit analysis, ensure efficiency and improve productivity. Companies in sectors such as telecom and finance have already realized the need of IT outsourcing as a solution in the changed market dynamics. Therefore, this research paper provides a review of how the financial crisis has affected many regions of the world, proposals for a regulatory change, indication about the role of Monetary Policy the level of Political Economics that have been intervening in the Financial Crisis. It also identifies some basic challenges facing the globe suggests possible solutions for the Banking Field to overcome the crisis. 2. Literature Review The financial crisis was triggered by the bursting of a credit-fuelled bubble. Regulation and regulators did not cause this fatal bubble, but they did indirectly help it to grow by fostering the illusion of financial security. Many developing country economies are yet growing strongly, though the forecasts have been downgraded in the space of few a few months. What does the turmoil mean for such developing countries? And for how much longer can growth persist? What are the channels through which the crisis could spread to and how are the effects being felt and in what cases? What is the role for development policy and what do policy-makers need to know? Brooke Masters (2009) claimed: So far, most countries are avoiding a regulatory race to the bottom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if anything, they are going the other way. The UK, for example, is pressing ahead with its own liquidity rules, while the Netherlands has pushed through curbs on bankers bonuses. Even Singapore, which has long been favored by financiers for its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“light-touchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? regulatory regime, considering tightening up its rules. However, Joshua Aizenman (2009) indicated that costly regulation can mitigate the probability of the crisis. We identify conditions where the regulation level supported by the majority is positive after the reform, but below the socially optimal level. A big portion of the financial crisis has had to do with under regulation and regulator duplicity with malefactors. If we look at the banking rules, we shall discover that allowing investment and commercial banks to merge, without a specification of a tighter capital rules, and hence, these new mega banks became overleveraged without examining their loans or the instruments that derived from the bad loans these banks made in the first place. In his writings about Liberalism Ludwig von Mises (1927) indicated that government intervention in markets would lead inevitably to unintended consequences that resulted in further government intervention. It is difficult to correct a problem when the cause of the problem is misunderstood. The presidential and vice-presidential candidates in the United States have all said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wall Street greedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has led to the financial mess we are in. On the very face of it, this does not seem likely. Even if greed leads to problems, is it possible that greed has suddenly become much greater than before? To raise an interest rate at some a time is a mistake and is likely to make a bad situation even worse. In many respects, central banks, including the Federal Reserve, have drawn heavily on important threads of monetary policy research in responding to the financial crisis. Lang Wang (2005) had explained with a binding capital requirement, the effects on bank lending supply depend on the size, the capital level, the balance sheet liquidity of banks and the capital distribution and market structure in the banking sector. In a similar context, Thorbecke (1997) finds that expansive monetary policy tends to increase ex-post stock returns. He reported that small firms tend to be affected more severely by the change in monetary policy stance. In addition, Paul Krugman (1999) indicated But when a financial disaster struck Asia, the policies those countries followed in response were almost exactly the reverse of what the United States does in the fact of a slump. Currently the traditional monetary policy of the Federal Reserve is to focus on targeting the federal funds rate, now that this rate has approached the zero-bound; it has shifted to focus on other ways to lower the cost of credit in the marketplace. Federal Reserve programs have intended to offset disruptions to interbank lending short-term credit financing. Since the credit crunch is caused by conservative lending policies during periods of financial duress and reduced profitability, one may finds that monetary policy is somehow ineffective in alleviating the credit crunch. Instead loan regulation can erase it. George Macesich (1992) argued that the poor performance of monetary policy can be attributed historically to the ease with which money has so often been made a political issue. He stated that For Monetary Policy to be credible, and thus successful, the hands of the Monetary Policy- makers are better tied than left free. Sun Ruijun and Bao Erwen (2008) have reported The in-depth development of economic globalization has made economic ties and interdependence between countries even closer, boosting the sustained growth of world economy, and benefiting many countries. The global financial crisis is more than just an economic event: It puts pressure on the geopolitical system and is driving states to change their behavior. Taking a snap shot on the GCC states, one can clearly define how largely it has been insulated from the global credit crunch because they are the proud owners of some of the worlds largest oil deposits. Much of this has been caused by massive infrastructure and development projects such as Qatars liquefied natural gas facilities, Dubais fanciful real estate explosion and Bahrains attempts to convert itself into a financial Mecca. The economic system has an effect on the political outcomes. Well-functioning financial institutions, in turn, can increase the political support for anti-corruption measures. Kira Boerner Christa Hainz (2006) argued When banks possess a perfect screening technology that allows them to deny credit to those debtors who use the money for financing an entry fee, the corrupt officials will still borrow from their relatives. However, compared to the case without financial institutions, the interest of corrupt officials and relatives in corruption decreases: Both parties have the opportunity to save at a bank. In similar terms, Torsten Persson (2000) had explained Economic policy is the equilibrium outcome of a well defined no cooperative game under preemptive assumptions about economic political behavior. At all levels, the present financial crisis requires a co-ordinate response on a global scale. The real risk to the world economy is the temptation to revert to protectionism by each individual country in order to solve their own domestic problems. 3. Research Methodology In choosing the correct research method to be used in this research paper, the survey research method by Questionnaires will be the basic research design. Each respondent will be supplied with a questionnaire titled How banks can overcome the Global Financial Crisis? The questionnaire is estimated to take no longer than 6 minutes for each reached individual regardless of the age. A survey of 68 individuals located in many counties throughout the country will provide the database for this study. The sample was selected on a probability basis from as much decision maker playing role individuals as possible in Bahrain. The questionnaire took place in Bahrain the response from the respondents took almost one week. Questionnaires were distributed randomly depending on many aspects such as: age, gender, employment condition most important of all, the level of knowledge regarding the topic under study. This research paper sampling volume totaled 68, out of which, males represented 38 and the rest 30 were for females. The original sample was 70, in which the researchers found that 2 individuals were students below the age of 18 and were unemployed. That made a quiet confusing decision to remove the two from the total sample, since at that age and being unemployed is not a truly decision maker respondent. 4. Challenges As the world look beyond the economic crisis, what are the most urgent challenges that are needed to be addressed? Gaining a proper perspective on the crisis itself is a first challenge. In recent decades, it has been demonstrated that a market which operates responsibly offers a more secure life and a best hope to people who seek a better standards of living wherever in the world they may live. This is absolutely fundamental. While it is true that the direct causes of the crisis the combustible mixture of excess leverage in both consumer and financial markets, the bank failures, the credit collapse have led to some painful consequences, it would be folly to conclude that the foundations of market economics have been irreparably damaged. A second challenge facing the Global is how to deal intelligently with the huge fiscal challenges ahead. The response of central banks and governments to the economic crisis may very well have averted a global catastrophe. However, massive fiscal obligations have been assumed by governments and this might take many years to unwind. What is needed is for countries to create and develop smart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? strategies. Furthermore, as the private sector returns to some growth, this requires a determined pullback in government expenditure. Not an easy task: as we all know, the politics of unwinding government programs can be daunting. Here political courage and good public policy go hand in hand. The third challenge needs an urgent attention. It is acknowledged that the global economy is out of balance and that this is one of the reasons for the financial crisis. Massive reliance on external demand carries with it real consequences as does the excessive reliance on foreign investors to finance consumption and deficits for long periods of time. As one could realize, such imbalances can cause serious and long-lasting economic damage. There is also the challenge, or opportunity, of what to do with a countrys immense foreign exchange reserves. A Chinese think tank has come up with an exciting idea: that the reserves could be put to good use through the development of a Marshall Plan for Africa, Asia and Latin America. Such a development fund, or loan facility, would increase living standards in the targeted countries. The fifth challenge is enormously complex challenge that deserves attention. Sometimes we feel that we have loaded so many expectations onto the climate change agenda that it cannot help but fail. You would think that tackling this issue will give us infinite new sources of cleaner energy, and allow for the transfer of substantial amounts of financial and technological support to emerging economies. On the global side, No existing architecture is found to be proficient in preventing global crises from erupting. Since financial crises occur even in relatively tightly regulated economies, the likelihood that a supranational influence could prevent an international crisis from occurring is questionable. The financial crisis has been characterized as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wake-up callà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for investors who had put their faith confidence in. For example, credit ratings placed on securities by credit rating agencies operating under what some have referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wicked incentives and conflicts of interest.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Moving forward to a sixth challenge, the Council on Foreign Relations explained the problem in a report on systemic regulation, as follows: One regulatory organization in each country should be responsible for overseeing the health and stability of the overall financial system. The role of the systemic regulator should include gathering, analyzing, and reporting information about significant interactions between and risks among financial institutions; designing and implementing systemically sensitive regulations, including capital requirements; and coordinating with the fiscal authorities and other government agencies in managing systemic crises. We argue that the central bank should be charged with this important new responsibility. Centers of financial activity such as New York, London, and Tokyo, race with each other and multinational firms can determine where to carry out particular financial transactions. This is to be addresses as one of the considerations in policy making. A seventh challenge is that a large financial institution that may be defined as large to fail represents the heavy arm that the world economy depends greatly on. If an institution is considered to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unsuccessful too big to fail,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? its bankruptcy would cause a major risk collapse to the system as a whole. Yet, if there is an implicit promise of governmental support in case of failure, the government may create a moral hazard, which is the motivation for an entity to be engaged in somewhat risky behavior, knowing that the government will rescue it if it fails. A further challenge is that the nature and size of accumulating financial and systemic risks have not been well identified by the existing micro regulation. It even didnt impose appropriate remedial actions. Even though some analysts and institutions were sounding alarms before the crisis erupted, there were hardly any regulatory tools available to handle with the increase of risk in the system as a whole or the risks being forced by other firms either in the same or different sectors. It seemed to be an insufficient response to some of these risks either by the authorities responsible for the mistake of individual financial institutions or specific market segments. A last fundamental challenge deals with the nature of regulation and supervision. Banking regulation tends to be specific and detailed and places requirements and limits on bank behavior. Federal securities regulation, however, is based primarily on disclosure. Registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission is required, but that registration does not imply that an investment is safe or secured, only that the risks have been fully disclosed! 5. Analysis Discussion When the U.S financial System falls down, it may bring major parts of the rest of the world down with it. The global financial crisis has opened the World eye on an important point: that the United States is still a major center of the financial world. Hence, Regional financial crises (such as the Asian financial crisis, Japans banking crisis or even the current Dubais Credit Crisis) can occur without seriously infecting the rest of the global financial system as does the United States economy. The reason behind, is that the United States is the main guarantor of the international financial system, the provider of dollars widely used as currency reserves and as an international intermediate for exchange, besides being a contributor to much of the financial capital that around the world seeking higher yields. The rest of the world may not appreciate it, but a financial crisis in the United States often takes on a global hue. To analyze the questionnaire, the researchers have used the SPSS program and the regression analysis in order to define some relationships that best help identify the problem under study. The descriptive statistical analyses questionnaire will be used, including calculations of sampling error, and statistical adjustments for unequal selection probabilities. Cross-classification analyses with demo-graphic, ANOVA, linear regression and T-Test is much more applied in order to explain some judgments. Since the researchers think that the gender is one of the independent variables that could test many hypothesis, three hypothesis were applied based on the dependant variable: First Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and understanding what is going on in the current financial news. Second Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and being informed about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Third Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and the decision that thinks of governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies. The table below, represents the Statistical Data Analysis of the designed questionnaire: Table 1: SPSS Statistics for all questionnaire questions One-Sample Test    Question No.    Test Value = 0 Test Value = 0 N t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference    Lower Upper Lower Upper Question_1 68 23.758 67 0 1.441 1.32 1.56 23.758 67 0 1.441 1.32 1.56 Question_2 68 17.636 67 0 4.206 3.73 4.68 17.636 67 0 4.206 3.73 4.68 Question_3 68 21.715 67 0 1.706 1.55 1.86 21.715 67 0 1.706 1.55 1.86 Question_4 68 22.401 67 0 3.868 3.52 4.21 22.401 67 0 3.868 3.52 4.21 Question_5 68 13.683 67 0 2.074 1.77 2.38 13.683 67 0 2.074 1.77 2.38 Question_6 68 8.596 67 0 2.029 1.56 2.5 8.596 67 0 2.029 1.56 2.5 Question_7 68 10.618 67 0 3.5 2.84 4.16 10.618 67 0 3.5 2.84 4.16 Question_8 68 17.868 67 0 2.191 1.95 2.44 17.868 67 0 2.191 1.95 2.44 Question_9 68 23.953 67 0 2.676 2.45 2.9 23.953 67 0 2.676 2.45 2.9 Question_10 68 15.557 67 0 5.059 4.41 5.71 15.557 67 0 5.059 4.41 5.71 Question_11_1 68 14.691 67 0 3.529 3.05 4.01 14.691 67 0 3.529 3.05 4.01 Question_11_2 68 18.302 67 0 4.809 4.28 5.33 18.302 67 0 4.809 4.28 5.33 Question_11_3 68 21.056 67 0 5.029 4.55 5.51 21.056 67 0 5.029 4.55 5.51 Question_11_4 68 17.835 67 0 4.426 3.93 4.92 17.835 67 0 4.426 3.93 4.92 Question_11_5 68 20.978 67 0 4.897 4.43 5.36 20.978 67 0 4.897 4.43 5.36 Question_12 68 16.241 67 0 2.735 2.4 3.07 16.241 67 0 2.735 2.4 3.07 Question_13 68 14.707 67 0 2.676 2.31 3.04 14.707 67 0 2.676 2.31 3.04 Question_14 68 26.329 67 0 2.765 2.56 2.97 26.329 67 0 2.765 2.56 2.97 Anova Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 4.074 1 4.074 4.173 .045a Residual 64.440 66 .976       Total 68.515 67          a. Predictors: (Constant), Question_1          b. Dependent Variable: Question_8          Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.481 .368    4.025 .000 Question_1 .493 .241 .244 2.043 .045 a. Dependent Variable: Question_8          Table 2: Anova statistics coefficients relationship Q1 Q8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Hypothesis. From the Questionnaire, we have selected the relationship among the following questions. However, Gender will always be constant. Question (1): Please indicate your gender: Male Female Question (8): In general, how knowledgeable do you consider yourself to be when it comes to understanding what is going on in the current financial news? I know enough to be able to explain whats happening in the financial industry to other people. I understand enough to make sense of the detail behind the financial news stories. I just follow the headlines but my understanding of financial news is fairly vague. I dont really understand whats going on in the financial news. Question_8: On the One-Sample Test it is showed that the Significance is = 0.00 which is less than 0.05, so we reject any initial premise that the average Question_8 is not equal to 0. Since the answer to this question fell where the value of t = 17.868, positive, meaning that people have a significant understanding and knowledge about the current financial news. About 35.3 % of the answers to question 8 went in to that both, males females find themselves having enough understanding to make sense of the detail behind the financial news stories. On lower confidence levels, 29.4% find themselves confident enough to answer bitterly regarding the financial crisis. Question (9): How informed are you about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that is said to be impacting the U.S. economy the rest of the Globe? Very informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I have actively sought additional information on this story. Somewhat informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I know a bit about it, but wouldnt be able to hold my own in a conversation about it. Informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Ive read/seen stories about it when Ive come across them in the news. Not informed at allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I dont know anything about this story. Question_9: The mean for this particular sample is 2.68, which is statistically significantly different from the test value of Zero.  34 out of 68 sample volume representing almost 50% who have been really informed to have read/seen stories about the global financial crisis when coming across it in the news. The researchers find that the relationship between gender and being informed about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is positive with (.493) and based on the t-value of (2.043) and p-value of (0.045), this relationship is statistically significant.   Hence, there is a statistically significant positive linear relationship between people gender being informed and know ledged enough about the crisis. Question (13): What role, if any, do you think that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies? Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk. Intermediaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should act as an intermediary between concerned parties. Laissez Faireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should not interfere with economic affairs beyond the minimum. Completely hands offà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should let Wall Street solve its problems on its own. Case by caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should take a case-by-case approach. ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 14.714 1 14.714 7.132 .010a Residual 136.168 66 2.063       Total 150.882 67          a. Predictors: (Constant), Question_1          b. Dependent Variable: Question_13          Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.326 .535    2.480 .016 Question_1 .937 .351 .312 2.671 .010 a. Dependent Variable: Question_13          Table 3: Anova statistics coefficients relationship Q1 Q13 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Hypothesis. The relationship between gender and the choice to think of the role that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies is positive (.937). Based on the t-value (2.671) and p-value (0.010), it is to be clarified that this relationship is statistically significant.   Hence, there is a statistically significant positive linear relationship. Most of the questionnaires answer to question 13 went to choose that the role of government can be best suggested as to: Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk. Question (4) Which of the following best describes the highest level of education you have attained? Some high school High school graduate Some college College graduate Some post graduate studies Post graduate degree Question (13): What role, if any, do you think that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies? 1 Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk.    3 1 7 1 8 2 Intermediaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should act as an intermediary between concerned parties.    2 7 3 1 2 3 Laissez Faireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should not interfere with economic affairs beyond the minimum.    3 7 4 -   1 4 Completely hands offà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should let Wall Street solve its problems on its own.    1    2    -   5 Case by caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should take a case-by-case approach. 1 2 3 4    5 Table 4: Cross Checking Analysis between Q4 Q13. To provide a better understanding of a cross classification, the table below indicates that, most of people holding a college degree, agreed with the choice that governments should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk and in need for its support. Therefore, we see that the Global Financial Crisis can be broken down into major phases. Although each phase has a policy focus, it seemed that until t Role of Monetary Policy in Financial Crisis Role of Monetary Policy in Financial Crisis 1. Introduction To begin with, it is noted that over the last year or so, financial institutions in the major economies have reported losses on a large scale. Some of these have become insolvent, or have had to be taken over or rescued by their governments. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis Credit Crisis has affected millions of Americans specifically and others around the World in general terms. Associated with all of that has been a massive swing in the appetite of the World financial markets for risk, and in their capacity to accept risk. Thus, the result has been a shift from an easily available credit to tight credit. This crisis which began in industrialized countries has shifted dramatically spread to emerging market and developing economies. Many wealthy investors or so have pulled their capital from countries, even those with small levels of perceived risk, and hence causing values of stocks and domestic currencies to plunge. Moreover, the crisis has now moved from containing the contagion to coping with the global recession and changing regulations to prevent a reoccurrence of such a problem. Some security and foreign policy effects of the crisis also are beginning to appear. In addition, policy proposals to change specific regulations as well as the structure of regulation and supervision at both domestically and internationally levels have been coming forth through the legislative process. As one can bear in mind, In June 2009, the Obamas administration announced its plan for regulatory reform of the U.S. financial system. For example, in Congress, numerous bills have been introduced that deal with issues such as establishing a commission or selecting a committee to investigate causes of the financial crisis, provide oversight and greater accountability of the Federal Reserve and Treasury lending activity, acting towards the problems in the housing and mortgage markets, provide funding for the International Monetary Fund, address problems with consumer credit cards and establish a systemic risk monitor. Therefore, the transmission of the crisis from the U.S. and Europe to the rest of the world came through a number of channels. The financial institutions in most emerging market economies had not been involved in practices that are seen in the institutions that populate the financial centers in the major industrial countries. To that extent, financial institutions in the emerging economies either shied away from the more exotic instruments, including such things as credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations, or were prevented by regulation from holding or trading such instruments. Banking had to come of the most à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, old fashioned ever! (The New York Times has reported on last September 2009 about the moves to replace the bust securitized mortgage market with a similar scheme dealing in life insurance policies, products that are as distasteful as they are foolhardy). The question is, can anything be done to ensure more responsible financial practice? If we are suppose to talk about the US economy, we would notice that President Barak Obama marked the anniversary of Lehman collapse with a plea to bankers to not get complacent, telling them to get their house in order, or else face further regulation. We can indicate that over the past year, the financial male storm has battered the global information and communication technology industry, affecting profits and pushing down the industry in a manner reminiscent of the 2001 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2002 dotcom busts. It is gradually finding its feet again, but it isnt out of the woods yet. The global financial tumult has forced a number of companies to reanalyze their cost benefit analysis, ensure efficiency and improve productivity. Companies in sectors such as telecom and finance have already realized the need of IT outsourcing as a solution in the changed market dynamics. Therefore, this research paper provides a review of how the financial crisis has affected many regions of the world, proposals for a regulatory change, indication about the role of Monetary Policy the level of Political Economics that have been intervening in the Financial Crisis. It also identifies some basic challenges facing the globe suggests possible solutions for the Banking Field to overcome the crisis. 2. Literature Review The financial crisis was triggered by the bursting of a credit-fuelled bubble. Regulation and regulators did not cause this fatal bubble, but they did indirectly help it to grow by fostering the illusion of financial security. Many developing country economies are yet growing strongly, though the forecasts have been downgraded in the space of few a few months. What does the turmoil mean for such developing countries? And for how much longer can growth persist? What are the channels through which the crisis could spread to and how are the effects being felt and in what cases? What is the role for development policy and what do policy-makers need to know? Brooke Masters (2009) claimed: So far, most countries are avoiding a regulatory race to the bottom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if anything, they are going the other way. The UK, for example, is pressing ahead with its own liquidity rules, while the Netherlands has pushed through curbs on bankers bonuses. Even Singapore, which has long been favored by financiers for its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“light-touchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? regulatory regime, considering tightening up its rules. However, Joshua Aizenman (2009) indicated that costly regulation can mitigate the probability of the crisis. We identify conditions where the regulation level supported by the majority is positive after the reform, but below the socially optimal level. A big portion of the financial crisis has had to do with under regulation and regulator duplicity with malefactors. If we look at the banking rules, we shall discover that allowing investment and commercial banks to merge, without a specification of a tighter capital rules, and hence, these new mega banks became overleveraged without examining their loans or the instruments that derived from the bad loans these banks made in the first place. In his writings about Liberalism Ludwig von Mises (1927) indicated that government intervention in markets would lead inevitably to unintended consequences that resulted in further government intervention. It is difficult to correct a problem when the cause of the problem is misunderstood. The presidential and vice-presidential candidates in the United States have all said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wall Street greedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has led to the financial mess we are in. On the very face of it, this does not seem likely. Even if greed leads to problems, is it possible that greed has suddenly become much greater than before? To raise an interest rate at some a time is a mistake and is likely to make a bad situation even worse. In many respects, central banks, including the Federal Reserve, have drawn heavily on important threads of monetary policy research in responding to the financial crisis. Lang Wang (2005) had explained with a binding capital requirement, the effects on bank lending supply depend on the size, the capital level, the balance sheet liquidity of banks and the capital distribution and market structure in the banking sector. In a similar context, Thorbecke (1997) finds that expansive monetary policy tends to increase ex-post stock returns. He reported that small firms tend to be affected more severely by the change in monetary policy stance. In addition, Paul Krugman (1999) indicated But when a financial disaster struck Asia, the policies those countries followed in response were almost exactly the reverse of what the United States does in the fact of a slump. Currently the traditional monetary policy of the Federal Reserve is to focus on targeting the federal funds rate, now that this rate has approached the zero-bound; it has shifted to focus on other ways to lower the cost of credit in the marketplace. Federal Reserve programs have intended to offset disruptions to interbank lending short-term credit financing. Since the credit crunch is caused by conservative lending policies during periods of financial duress and reduced profitability, one may finds that monetary policy is somehow ineffective in alleviating the credit crunch. Instead loan regulation can erase it. George Macesich (1992) argued that the poor performance of monetary policy can be attributed historically to the ease with which money has so often been made a political issue. He stated that For Monetary Policy to be credible, and thus successful, the hands of the Monetary Policy- makers are better tied than left free. Sun Ruijun and Bao Erwen (2008) have reported The in-depth development of economic globalization has made economic ties and interdependence between countries even closer, boosting the sustained growth of world economy, and benefiting many countries. The global financial crisis is more than just an economic event: It puts pressure on the geopolitical system and is driving states to change their behavior. Taking a snap shot on the GCC states, one can clearly define how largely it has been insulated from the global credit crunch because they are the proud owners of some of the worlds largest oil deposits. Much of this has been caused by massive infrastructure and development projects such as Qatars liquefied natural gas facilities, Dubais fanciful real estate explosion and Bahrains attempts to convert itself into a financial Mecca. The economic system has an effect on the political outcomes. Well-functioning financial institutions, in turn, can increase the political support for anti-corruption measures. Kira Boerner Christa Hainz (2006) argued When banks possess a perfect screening technology that allows them to deny credit to those debtors who use the money for financing an entry fee, the corrupt officials will still borrow from their relatives. However, compared to the case without financial institutions, the interest of corrupt officials and relatives in corruption decreases: Both parties have the opportunity to save at a bank. In similar terms, Torsten Persson (2000) had explained Economic policy is the equilibrium outcome of a well defined no cooperative game under preemptive assumptions about economic political behavior. At all levels, the present financial crisis requires a co-ordinate response on a global scale. The real risk to the world economy is the temptation to revert to protectionism by each individual country in order to solve their own domestic problems. 3. Research Methodology In choosing the correct research method to be used in this research paper, the survey research method by Questionnaires will be the basic research design. Each respondent will be supplied with a questionnaire titled How banks can overcome the Global Financial Crisis? The questionnaire is estimated to take no longer than 6 minutes for each reached individual regardless of the age. A survey of 68 individuals located in many counties throughout the country will provide the database for this study. The sample was selected on a probability basis from as much decision maker playing role individuals as possible in Bahrain. The questionnaire took place in Bahrain the response from the respondents took almost one week. Questionnaires were distributed randomly depending on many aspects such as: age, gender, employment condition most important of all, the level of knowledge regarding the topic under study. This research paper sampling volume totaled 68, out of which, males represented 38 and the rest 30 were for females. The original sample was 70, in which the researchers found that 2 individuals were students below the age of 18 and were unemployed. That made a quiet confusing decision to remove the two from the total sample, since at that age and being unemployed is not a truly decision maker respondent. 4. Challenges As the world look beyond the economic crisis, what are the most urgent challenges that are needed to be addressed? Gaining a proper perspective on the crisis itself is a first challenge. In recent decades, it has been demonstrated that a market which operates responsibly offers a more secure life and a best hope to people who seek a better standards of living wherever in the world they may live. This is absolutely fundamental. While it is true that the direct causes of the crisis the combustible mixture of excess leverage in both consumer and financial markets, the bank failures, the credit collapse have led to some painful consequences, it would be folly to conclude that the foundations of market economics have been irreparably damaged. A second challenge facing the Global is how to deal intelligently with the huge fiscal challenges ahead. The response of central banks and governments to the economic crisis may very well have averted a global catastrophe. However, massive fiscal obligations have been assumed by governments and this might take many years to unwind. What is needed is for countries to create and develop smart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? strategies. Furthermore, as the private sector returns to some growth, this requires a determined pullback in government expenditure. Not an easy task: as we all know, the politics of unwinding government programs can be daunting. Here political courage and good public policy go hand in hand. The third challenge needs an urgent attention. It is acknowledged that the global economy is out of balance and that this is one of the reasons for the financial crisis. Massive reliance on external demand carries with it real consequences as does the excessive reliance on foreign investors to finance consumption and deficits for long periods of time. As one could realize, such imbalances can cause serious and long-lasting economic damage. There is also the challenge, or opportunity, of what to do with a countrys immense foreign exchange reserves. A Chinese think tank has come up with an exciting idea: that the reserves could be put to good use through the development of a Marshall Plan for Africa, Asia and Latin America. Such a development fund, or loan facility, would increase living standards in the targeted countries. The fifth challenge is enormously complex challenge that deserves attention. Sometimes we feel that we have loaded so many expectations onto the climate change agenda that it cannot help but fail. You would think that tackling this issue will give us infinite new sources of cleaner energy, and allow for the transfer of substantial amounts of financial and technological support to emerging economies. On the global side, No existing architecture is found to be proficient in preventing global crises from erupting. Since financial crises occur even in relatively tightly regulated economies, the likelihood that a supranational influence could prevent an international crisis from occurring is questionable. The financial crisis has been characterized as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wake-up callà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for investors who had put their faith confidence in. For example, credit ratings placed on securities by credit rating agencies operating under what some have referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wicked incentives and conflicts of interest.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Moving forward to a sixth challenge, the Council on Foreign Relations explained the problem in a report on systemic regulation, as follows: One regulatory organization in each country should be responsible for overseeing the health and stability of the overall financial system. The role of the systemic regulator should include gathering, analyzing, and reporting information about significant interactions between and risks among financial institutions; designing and implementing systemically sensitive regulations, including capital requirements; and coordinating with the fiscal authorities and other government agencies in managing systemic crises. We argue that the central bank should be charged with this important new responsibility. Centers of financial activity such as New York, London, and Tokyo, race with each other and multinational firms can determine where to carry out particular financial transactions. This is to be addresses as one of the considerations in policy making. A seventh challenge is that a large financial institution that may be defined as large to fail represents the heavy arm that the world economy depends greatly on. If an institution is considered to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unsuccessful too big to fail,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? its bankruptcy would cause a major risk collapse to the system as a whole. Yet, if there is an implicit promise of governmental support in case of failure, the government may create a moral hazard, which is the motivation for an entity to be engaged in somewhat risky behavior, knowing that the government will rescue it if it fails. A further challenge is that the nature and size of accumulating financial and systemic risks have not been well identified by the existing micro regulation. It even didnt impose appropriate remedial actions. Even though some analysts and institutions were sounding alarms before the crisis erupted, there were hardly any regulatory tools available to handle with the increase of risk in the system as a whole or the risks being forced by other firms either in the same or different sectors. It seemed to be an insufficient response to some of these risks either by the authorities responsible for the mistake of individual financial institutions or specific market segments. A last fundamental challenge deals with the nature of regulation and supervision. Banking regulation tends to be specific and detailed and places requirements and limits on bank behavior. Federal securities regulation, however, is based primarily on disclosure. Registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission is required, but that registration does not imply that an investment is safe or secured, only that the risks have been fully disclosed! 5. Analysis Discussion When the U.S financial System falls down, it may bring major parts of the rest of the world down with it. The global financial crisis has opened the World eye on an important point: that the United States is still a major center of the financial world. Hence, Regional financial crises (such as the Asian financial crisis, Japans banking crisis or even the current Dubais Credit Crisis) can occur without seriously infecting the rest of the global financial system as does the United States economy. The reason behind, is that the United States is the main guarantor of the international financial system, the provider of dollars widely used as currency reserves and as an international intermediate for exchange, besides being a contributor to much of the financial capital that around the world seeking higher yields. The rest of the world may not appreciate it, but a financial crisis in the United States often takes on a global hue. To analyze the questionnaire, the researchers have used the SPSS program and the regression analysis in order to define some relationships that best help identify the problem under study. The descriptive statistical analyses questionnaire will be used, including calculations of sampling error, and statistical adjustments for unequal selection probabilities. Cross-classification analyses with demo-graphic, ANOVA, linear regression and T-Test is much more applied in order to explain some judgments. Since the researchers think that the gender is one of the independent variables that could test many hypothesis, three hypothesis were applied based on the dependant variable: First Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and understanding what is going on in the current financial news. Second Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and being informed about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Third Hypothesis: There is no relationship between gender and the decision that thinks of governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies. The table below, represents the Statistical Data Analysis of the designed questionnaire: Table 1: SPSS Statistics for all questionnaire questions One-Sample Test    Question No.    Test Value = 0 Test Value = 0 N t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference    Lower Upper Lower Upper Question_1 68 23.758 67 0 1.441 1.32 1.56 23.758 67 0 1.441 1.32 1.56 Question_2 68 17.636 67 0 4.206 3.73 4.68 17.636 67 0 4.206 3.73 4.68 Question_3 68 21.715 67 0 1.706 1.55 1.86 21.715 67 0 1.706 1.55 1.86 Question_4 68 22.401 67 0 3.868 3.52 4.21 22.401 67 0 3.868 3.52 4.21 Question_5 68 13.683 67 0 2.074 1.77 2.38 13.683 67 0 2.074 1.77 2.38 Question_6 68 8.596 67 0 2.029 1.56 2.5 8.596 67 0 2.029 1.56 2.5 Question_7 68 10.618 67 0 3.5 2.84 4.16 10.618 67 0 3.5 2.84 4.16 Question_8 68 17.868 67 0 2.191 1.95 2.44 17.868 67 0 2.191 1.95 2.44 Question_9 68 23.953 67 0 2.676 2.45 2.9 23.953 67 0 2.676 2.45 2.9 Question_10 68 15.557 67 0 5.059 4.41 5.71 15.557 67 0 5.059 4.41 5.71 Question_11_1 68 14.691 67 0 3.529 3.05 4.01 14.691 67 0 3.529 3.05 4.01 Question_11_2 68 18.302 67 0 4.809 4.28 5.33 18.302 67 0 4.809 4.28 5.33 Question_11_3 68 21.056 67 0 5.029 4.55 5.51 21.056 67 0 5.029 4.55 5.51 Question_11_4 68 17.835 67 0 4.426 3.93 4.92 17.835 67 0 4.426 3.93 4.92 Question_11_5 68 20.978 67 0 4.897 4.43 5.36 20.978 67 0 4.897 4.43 5.36 Question_12 68 16.241 67 0 2.735 2.4 3.07 16.241 67 0 2.735 2.4 3.07 Question_13 68 14.707 67 0 2.676 2.31 3.04 14.707 67 0 2.676 2.31 3.04 Question_14 68 26.329 67 0 2.765 2.56 2.97 26.329 67 0 2.765 2.56 2.97 Anova Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 4.074 1 4.074 4.173 .045a Residual 64.440 66 .976       Total 68.515 67          a. Predictors: (Constant), Question_1          b. Dependent Variable: Question_8          Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.481 .368    4.025 .000 Question_1 .493 .241 .244 2.043 .045 a. Dependent Variable: Question_8          Table 2: Anova statistics coefficients relationship Q1 Q8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Hypothesis. From the Questionnaire, we have selected the relationship among the following questions. However, Gender will always be constant. Question (1): Please indicate your gender: Male Female Question (8): In general, how knowledgeable do you consider yourself to be when it comes to understanding what is going on in the current financial news? I know enough to be able to explain whats happening in the financial industry to other people. I understand enough to make sense of the detail behind the financial news stories. I just follow the headlines but my understanding of financial news is fairly vague. I dont really understand whats going on in the financial news. Question_8: On the One-Sample Test it is showed that the Significance is = 0.00 which is less than 0.05, so we reject any initial premise that the average Question_8 is not equal to 0. Since the answer to this question fell where the value of t = 17.868, positive, meaning that people have a significant understanding and knowledge about the current financial news. About 35.3 % of the answers to question 8 went in to that both, males females find themselves having enough understanding to make sense of the detail behind the financial news stories. On lower confidence levels, 29.4% find themselves confident enough to answer bitterly regarding the financial crisis. Question (9): How informed are you about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that is said to be impacting the U.S. economy the rest of the Globe? Very informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I have actively sought additional information on this story. Somewhat informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I know a bit about it, but wouldnt be able to hold my own in a conversation about it. Informedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Ive read/seen stories about it when Ive come across them in the news. Not informed at allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ I dont know anything about this story. Question_9: The mean for this particular sample is 2.68, which is statistically significantly different from the test value of Zero.  34 out of 68 sample volume representing almost 50% who have been really informed to have read/seen stories about the global financial crisis when coming across it in the news. The researchers find that the relationship between gender and being informed about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Global Financial Crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is positive with (.493) and based on the t-value of (2.043) and p-value of (0.045), this relationship is statistically significant.   Hence, there is a statistically significant positive linear relationship between people gender being informed and know ledged enough about the crisis. Question (13): What role, if any, do you think that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies? Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk. Intermediaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should act as an intermediary between concerned parties. Laissez Faireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should not interfere with economic affairs beyond the minimum. Completely hands offà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should let Wall Street solve its problems on its own. Case by caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should take a case-by-case approach. ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 14.714 1 14.714 7.132 .010a Residual 136.168 66 2.063       Total 150.882 67          a. Predictors: (Constant), Question_1          b. Dependent Variable: Question_13          Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.326 .535    2.480 .016 Question_1 .937 .351 .312 2.671 .010 a. Dependent Variable: Question_13          Table 3: Anova statistics coefficients relationship Q1 Q13 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Hypothesis. The relationship between gender and the choice to think of the role that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies is positive (.937). Based on the t-value (2.671) and p-value (0.010), it is to be clarified that this relationship is statistically significant.   Hence, there is a statistically significant positive linear relationship. Most of the questionnaires answer to question 13 went to choose that the role of government can be best suggested as to: Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk. Question (4) Which of the following best describes the highest level of education you have attained? Some high school High school graduate Some college College graduate Some post graduate studies Post graduate degree Question (13): What role, if any, do you think that governments around the world should take in the financial sector towards their economies? 1 Hands onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk.    3 1 7 1 8 2 Intermediaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should act as an intermediary between concerned parties.    2 7 3 1 2 3 Laissez Faireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should not interfere with economic affairs beyond the minimum.    3 7 4 -   1 4 Completely hands offà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should let Wall Street solve its problems on its own.    1    2    -   5 Case by caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The government should take a case-by-case approach. 1 2 3 4    5 Table 4: Cross Checking Analysis between Q4 Q13. To provide a better understanding of a cross classification, the table below indicates that, most of people holding a college degree, agreed with the choice that governments should intervene whenever the financial sector is at risk and in need for its support. Therefore, we see that the Global Financial Crisis can be broken down into major phases. Although each phase has a policy focus, it seemed that until t